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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *mā̃k- (*mā̃k-ja-) vb.
Meaning: rumple, injure
Lettish: màkt (-cu) `befallen, überfallen, drängen, drücken, plagen, quälen, bewältigen'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lett,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *māk-
Meaning: to rumple, to press
Slavic: *māčьkātī
Latin: mactāre `schlachten, heimsuchen, quälen'
Russ. meaning: мять, давить
References: WP II 223 f (differently in Pok.)
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-lat,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *büḲa
Meaning: to bend
Comments: Niv. ??? poku 'горб'.
References: МССНЯ 336, ОСНЯ 1, 191; ND 191 *büḲ[a] ( + Omot. *buḳ- 'knee'). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŭ̀k`í
Meaning: to bow, bend
Russian meaning: гнуть(ся)
Comments: EAS 147, KW 55, Poppe 56, ОСНЯ 1, 191. Despite Doerfer MT 56, TM is hardly borrowed from Mong., and (despite TMN 2, 352) the Turk. and Mong. forms are certainly related. Cf. also Turk. *bok- 'to cross (legs), bend (knees)' (VEWT 79, EDT 311), WMong. boki- (KW 49) 'to bend', reflecting a back-row variant of the same root. Part of the Mongolian (*bög-) and TM forms seem to go back to a variant *bi̯ŭ̀ki. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *bük-
Meaning: 1 to bow, bend 2 to curve, bend, wrap smth.
Russian meaning: 1 сгибаться, кланяться 2 сгибать, складывать, свертывать
Turkish: bük- 2
Tatar: bög- 2
Uzbek: buk- 2
Uighur: pük- 2
Azerbaidzhan: bük- 2
Turkmen: bük- 2
Khakassian: pük- 2
Shor: pük- 2
Oyrat: bük- (-gV) 2
Chuvash: pǝʷk- 2
Yakut: bük 'a bend, flexion'; bügülē- 2
Tuva: bük- 'to wrap'
Kirghiz: bük- (-gV-) 2
Kazakh: bük/g- 2
Noghai: bük- (-gV-) 2
Bashkir: bögö- 2
Balkar: bük- (-gV-) 2
Gagauz: bük- 2
Karaim: büg-ül- 1 (K)
Karakalpak: bük- (-gV-) 2
Kumyk: bük- (-gV-) 2
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *bök-
Meaning: 1 hump 2 to bend (tr.) 3 to bend, bow, incline 4 humpbacked
Russian meaning: 1 горб 2 гнуть 3 сгибаться, наклоняться, кланяться 4 горбатый
Written Mongolian: böke 1, bökeji-, böküi- (L 126, 127) 2 Middle Mongolian: bokotur, bogotur (SH), bukä-tu (MA) 4 Khalkha: böx(ön) 1, bögtör 4
Buriat: büxe(n) 1, bükti-, bügdi- 3
Kalmuck: bökṇ 1
Ordos: bökö 1, bögötör 4
Shary-Yoghur: bögön 1
Monguor: pugī-, bukī- (Huzu) 3
Mogol: ZM bökkän 'the hump of a camel' Comments: KW 55, MGCD 161, 162, 181. Mong. > Oyr. bökö- 'bend (tr.)', Yak bököj- 'bow, bend' (intr.), Kirgh. bök- 'припасть к земле, опуститься на колени (о верблюдице, для случки)'. monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-mogh,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *buk-
Meaning: hump, to bend
Russian meaning: горб, гнуться
Evenki: buke-
Even: bökčen-
Negidal: boxon
Literary Manchu: boqto, buqtu, buqda-
Ulcha: boqo(n)
Orok: boqqo
Nanai: bukũ
Udighe: boxo
Solon: buktur
Comments: ТМС 1, 104. Man. > Dag. bogto 'hill, mound' (Тод. Даг. 126). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *pìnkàm-
Meaning: be twisted, warped
Russian meaning: быть искривленным, покоробленным
Middle Japanese: fìgàm-
Tokyo: higám-
Kyoto: hígám-
Kagoshima: higám-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : PVKV
Meaning : bow
Amerind (misc.) : *poḳu 'bow' (R 88) Reference : GE 32 *bu(n)ka (+ NC, NS, IP, Austral.) globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-amer,globet-reference,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVg-
Meaning: bow
Notes: Derived from *pVg- 'stretch'.
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-brb,afaset-egy,afaset-notes,
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Berber etymology :
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Proto-Berber: *fVgag-
Meaning: 'cross-bar of the loom'
Senhadja: a-fǝggag
Izdeg: a-fžaž
Izayan: a-fǝggag
Rif: a-fǝžaž
Wargla: a-fžaž
Qabyle (Ayt Mangellat): a-fǝgag
brbet-prnum,brbet-meaning,brbet-snh,brbet-izd,brbet-izy,brbet-rif,brbet-wrg,brbet-qbl,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: pd_.t (AE)
Meaning: 'bow' (n.)
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,
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