Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *plaũt-ia- c., -iā̃ f.

Meaning: lungs

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: plaũčiai pl. t. `Lungen'

Lettish: plàušas, plàuši, plaûkšas², plaukši pl. `Lunge'

Old Prussian: plauti pl. `Lungen' V. 126

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *plew- (/ *kʷl-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: lung(s)

Old Indian: klóman- m., kloma n. `the right lung'

Old Greek: pléu̯mōn (sekund. pnéu̯mōn), -onos m. `Lunge'

Slavic: *pljūtje/*plūtje

Baltic: *plaũt-ia- c., -iā̃ f.

Latin: pulmō, -ōnis m. `Lunge'

Russ. meaning: легкое

References: WP II 95 f

Comments: The root may have had a variant *p[e]ul-, cf. Lat.

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1534

Root: pl(e)u-mon-, pleu-ti̯o-

English meaning: lung

German meaning: `Lunge'

Material: Ai. klṓman- m. n. `die rechte Lunge' (Dissim. von p - m zu k - m) = gr. πλεύμων `Lunge' (durch Anlehnung an πνέω auch πνεύ̄μων); lat. pulmō, meist Pl. `Lunge' (aus *pelmōnes oder *plumṓnes);

    baltoslav. *pleuti̯ā- und *plauti̯ā- n. Pl. in lit. plaũčiai und lett. plàuši, plàušas m. Pl., apr. plauti (sekund. f.) `Lunge'; aksl. plušta und *pljušta n. Pl. (aruss. pljuča `Lunge'), serb. pljûća f. `Leber'.

    Die Lunge schwimmt auf dem Wasser, also als `Schwimmer' zu pleu- (pel-) `πλέω'.

References: WP. II 95 f., WH. II 386 f., Trautmann 226.

Pages: 837-838

PIE database: PIE database

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *pVjLV

Meaning: lung, spleen

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *pleu̯-

Altaic: *pḕjlo ( ~ p`-)

Uralic: *pälV ( + Nen. 'Dickdarm')

Kartvelian: *pir(ś)ṭw-

Dravidian: *beil-

Comments: [For PIE cf. also PA *p`ŭ̀lgi 'blow'?]

References: ND 1690 *päl̄V 'internal, intestines, liver'; 1693 *pVLu 'lungs, pluck'; 1728 *pAĺ(V)gE 'spleen' (but IE should stay apart - probably < NC; Drav. *pod_- also does not belong here).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`ḕjló

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: belly, liver

Russian meaning: живот, печень

Mongolian: *helige

Tungus-Manchu: *pēlbu-

Korean: *pắi

Japanese: *pàrà

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 68, 90 (with literature), 274, Martin 243. See also notes on *bŏga. Medial *-j- is reconstructed to account for the loss of -l- in Korean; Mong. *h- before a long vowel indicates PA *p`-.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *helige

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: liver

Russian meaning: печень

Written Mongolian: elige (L 309)

Middle Mongolian: xeligan (HY 47), xelige(n) (SH), hilgä (IM), iligän (MA)

Khalkha: eleg, elgen

Buriat: eĺge(n)

Kalmuck: elkṇ, elgṇ

Ordos: elege

Baoan: helgǝ, xelge

Dagur: xeleg (Тод. Даг. 175), helehe (MD 159)

Shary-Yoghur: heleɣe

Monguor: xalege (SM 152), xelige, xalige (Huzu), xelge (MGCD)

Mogol: ilkan 'Herz' (Weiers), elkän; ZM elkan (4-2a)

Comments: KW 119, MGCD 257.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pēlbu-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be pregnant

Russian meaning: быть беременной

Evenki: hēlbu-

Comments: ТМС 2, 363. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *pắi

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: belly

Russian meaning: живот

Modern Korean: pä

Middle Korean: pắi

Comments: Nam 251, KED 743.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *pàrà

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: belly

Russian meaning: живот

Old Japanese: para

Middle Japanese: fárà

Tokyo: hará

Kyoto: hárà

Kagoshima: hará

Comments: JLTT 399. Modern dialects (especially Kagoshima) point to *pàrà, but the attested RJ form is fárà.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 734

Proto: *pälV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: inside

German meaning: das Innere

Udmurt (Votyak): poli̮n (S J), pe̮li̮n (M) 'in, im Inneren; zwischen', pe̮li̮ (S), pole (K) 'in; zwischen (acc.)', poli̮ś, pe̮li̮ś (K) 'von, aus'

Komi (Zyrian): pe̮lsi̮n (Lu) 'unter, inzwischen', pe̮vse̮ (V) 'in(s)', pe̮vśi̮s (V) 'aus'

Hungarian: bél (acc. belet) 'Darm; Mark; (altung.) das Innere'; -be ~ -ba 'in (acc.)', -ben ~ -ban 'in (Dat.)'; -ből ~ -ból 'aus'

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *pir(ś)ṭw-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: легкие

English meaning: lungs

Georgian: pilṭv- (Old Georg. pirṭv-)

Megrel: pirṭv-, pižv-

Svan: ṗēršwd-a, ṗerešṭw-a

Laz: purpu

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 189, EWK 358. Сближение с ПВК *pHVrṭwV 'какой-то внутренний орган' (NCED 871) см. Климов 1964, 189, Климов 1972, 226.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *beil-

Meaning : spleen

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *pal-ai (?)

Proto-Telugu : *ball-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *bel- (*-a-)

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *beil-

Notes : A strange lack of voiced articulation in SDR; however, the root is only represented in Tulu.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *pal-ai

Meaning : spleen

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tulu : pallè

Tulu meaning : spleen

Number in DED : 3995

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *ball-

Meaning : enlargement of the spleen

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : balla

Number in DED : 3995

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *bel- (*-a-)

Meaning : spleen

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Parji : bella

Number in DED : 3995

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *beil-

Meaning : spleen

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *bVjla

Notes : The root has some SDR parallels (as well as a correspondence in Parji), but its exact structure remains obscure.

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *bVjla

Meaning : spleen

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : bella

Parja Kuwi : balla

Tekriya Kuwi : bela

Number in DED : 3995

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVLV

Meaning : lung, liver

Eurasiatic : *pVjLV

Afroasiatic : *fa/ul-

Sino-Caucasian : *bɦV̆́rƛ̣V

Amerind (misc.) : *palin 'belly' (R 52) [+ A K]

Reference : ND 1690, 1693, 1728.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fa/ul-

Meaning: liver, lungs

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Western Chadic: *fVl-Vk- 'lungs'

Central Chadic: *faful- 'lungs'

High East Cushitic: *ʔa-fal- 'liver'

Omotic: *ʔaṗar- (<*ʔa-fall-?) 'liver'

Notes: The Ch data point to *f-.

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *fVl-Vk-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'lungs'

Mupun: flò-k, fùl-fúk [FrM]

Sura: fǝ̀lɔ̀-k [JgS]

Angas: fwol-ok [Fl]

Ankwe=Goemai: fɨ̀lɨ̀l [Kr N 73]

Notes: A body-parts suff. -k.

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *faful-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'lungs'

Bachama: fàfulàwɛy [Kr N 73]

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *ʔa-fal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'liver'

Sidamo: affale

Burji (Bambala, Dashe): affala

Kambatta: afali-ta

Notes: Prefix *ʔa-.

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *ʔaṗar- (*ʔa-fall-?)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'liver'

Mocha: aṗaaro

Anfillo (Southern Mao): afaaro

Bworo (Shinasha): afaara

Notes: Prefix *ʔa-. Note Mch -ṗ-.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *bɦV̆́rƛ̣V

Meaning: intestines

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *bɦĕrƛ̣_V (~ w-)

Sino-Tibetan: *[Pik]

Yenisseian: *pɨʔɨĺ

Burushaski: *bal

Basque: *barda

Comments and references : HGC 24, NSC 60 *bHEƛ̣V, DCE 6, FDCP 4.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *bɦĕrƛ̣_V (~ w-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: intestine (large)

Proto-Nakh: *bʡar(ʎ)V

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *boƛ̣:i

Proto-Tsezian: *bɔƛɔ

Proto-Lezghian: *wäwƛ̣:

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are quite regular (only the PL *wäwƛ̣: requires a special explanation: it is probably a result of assimilation < *wärƛ̣).

    See Trubetzkoy 1922, 241. Abdokov (1983, 74) tries to relate here some WC forms: Ub. La 'intestine' (which belongs rather to WC *Ĺǝ 'meat, flesh') and PAK *(b)La- 'chain' (in Kab. La-rǝ-ps, Ad. bLa-rǝ-ps 'chain') - which reflects rather the PAK verbal root *bLa- 'to thread on a string, to plait'.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *bʡar(ʎ)V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: liver sausage

Chechen: bʕara / baʕar

Ingush: bʕar

Comments: 6th class in both languages. Since there is no Bacb. parallel, it is impossible to establish whether PN had *-ʎ- here or not.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *boƛ̣:i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 intestine 2 large intestine

Avar: baƛ̣: 1

Chadakolob: baƛ̣: 1

Andian language: boƛ̣:i 2

Akhvakh: baƛ̣:i 1

Chamalal: baƛ̣: 2

Tindi: baƛ̣:i 2

Karata: baƛ̣:e 2

Bagvalal: baƛ̣: 2

Comments: Av. Chad. paradigm C (baƛ̣:í-l, báƛ̣:a-l). A homonymous word is *boƛ̣:i ( ~ -a-), represented in Cham. baƛ̣: 'cord', God. baƛ̣:i 'plait'; it is not quite clear whether it is just a special semantic development, or actually a different root.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *bɔƛɔ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: large intestine

Bezhta: baƛa

Gunzib: bɔƛɔ

Comments: PGB *bɔƛɔ.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *wäwƛ̣:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 intestine(s) 2 belly

Archi: babƛ̣ʷ 1

Udi: buq:un 2

Comment: An important Arch.-Ud. isogloss. 3d class in Arch.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[bik]

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bowels

Comments: Mikir phek bowels; BG: Garo bibik bowels. Ben. 21.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *pɨʔɨĺ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: intestine(s)

Ket: hɨ̄ĺ // hɨ:ĺ, pl. hɨ̄ĺǝŋ¹

Yug: fɨ:ĺ, pl. fɨ̄ĺiŋ¹ / fɨ:ĺiŋ³

Arin: ṕhorga (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "belly (брюхо)"; aperga (Лоск.) id.

Comments: ССЕ 250. For the development *-ʔ(V)ĺ > Ar. -rg- see also PY *bVʔĺ. Hardly justified is Helimski's (КС 248) idea about the Arin form being borrowed from Selk. pɛrqɨ 'belly'. Werner 1, 349 <*p^hɨgǝl / *p^hɨlǝ>. Cf. also Ket hʌ́ĺa 'belly, external side of belly' (Werner 1, 334); Kott. pogal- in pogal-thīn 'navel' (see *tɨr).

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *bal

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: marrow

Yasin: bal

Hunza: bal

Nagar: bal

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *barda

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 belly, abdomen, bowels 2 tripe food) 3 stomach 4 rennet 5 rancor, spite 6 paunchy, potbellied

High Navarrese: barda 1, (Lezaka) bardaki 2

Low Navarrese: marda-handi 6, (Aldude) parda 1

Salazarese: marda 1, 3, mardika 3

Baztanese: bardaki 2

Zuberoan: marda 1, 3, 4, 5, marda-handi 6

Roncalese: marda-andi 6, (Uztárroz) marda 1

Comments: The nasal variants (marda) are probably by expressive nasalization; parda by voicing dissimilation.

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