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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *ɵabjan- vb., *ɵa[f]Vn- vb., *ɵō[f]a-n
Meaning: press, pound
Old Norse: ɵefja wk. `stampfen (von Grütze)', ɵōf n. `Gedränge; Streit, Zank', ɵōfi m. `Filz'
Norwegian: tava `reissen, schleppen'; tov `Walken; Filz'; tove `Wisch'
Swedish: tov `gewalkte Wolle, Filz', töv `unruhiges Meer'; tova `Wisch'
East Frisian: dafen `schlagen, stampfen'
Old High German: { bi-deppen `bedrücken' }
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-eastfris,germet-ohg,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *tap-/-e-
Meaning: to press, to pound
Old Indian: vi-tapati `to force asunder', saṃ-tapati `to oppress, afflict'
Other Iranian: NPers tāftan `niederdrücken'
Old Greek: tapẹ̄nó- `niedrig gelegen, gering im Range, gemein, unbedeutend, demütig'
Russ. meaning: давить, прессовать, толочь
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-iran,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: тепу́
Near etymology: I, тепти́ "бить", утепти́ "убить", итер. утепа́ть, псковск. (Даль), укр. тепу́, тепти́, др.-русск. тепу, тети, ст.-слав. тепѫ, тети μαστιγοῦν, τύπτειν (Остром.), болг. те́пам "валяю, трамбую, бью", сербохорв. тѐпе̑м, тѐпсти "бить", -се "слоняться", словен. tẹ́pem, tépsti "бить, колотить", чеш. tерu, tераti, слвц. tераt᾽, в.-луж. с́ерас́ "бить", н.-луж. śераś, śepju.
Further etymology: Праслав. *tерǫ, *te(p)ti; согласно Миклошичу (см. Мi. LР 988), связано отношением чередования с то́пот, топта́ть. Кроме того, считается родственным лит. tерù, tèpti "мазать", лтш. tepju, tерt -- то же, лит. tapýti, tараũ "лепить", tap(š)nóti "похлопывать ладонью", ср. знач. нем. auswischen "вытирать; ударить, смазать", чеш. mazati "мазать, колотить"; см. Ягич, AfslPh 2, 398; М.--Э. 4, 165; Буга, РФВ 65, 307; Траутман, ВSW 319. Аналогичный к. *tар- "бить" широко распространен также в уральск. языках: морд. tар̀а-, фин. tарра-, венг. tар-, tор- "топтать", ненецк. tара- "толкать, бить" (см. Паасонен, KSz 14, 69). Звукоподражательное. См. то́пать.
Pages: 4,44-45
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *tep- (*tep-a-) vb. tr., *tep-ē̂- vb., *tap-ī̂- vb., *tap-nā̂-, -ā̂- vb.,
Meaning: smear; beat
Lithuanian: tèpti (tẽpa, tẽpē) 'schmieren, salben, streichen, besudeln; nicht schön schreiben, anstreichen; schlagen, hauen'; tapī́ti 'malen, färben, schmieren, tapnṓti 'langsam mit der flachen Hand schlagen; betasten, liebkosen, streichen, schmieren; trampeln; (mit den Füssen) stampfen'
Lettish: tept (-pju, -pu) 'schmieren, bestreichen', tepêt 'schmieren'; tapât 'okulieren, pfropfen; schreiten (mit kleinen Schritten)'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1959
Root: tap-2
English meaning: to press down, press together
German meaning: `niederdrücken, zusammendrücken'
Material: Gr. ταπεινός `niedrig, demütig' (`*gedrückt'); aisl. þefja `stampfen', þōf n. `Gedränge', þōfi m. `Filz' (daraus lit. túba, lett. tūba, apr. tubo `Filz'.)
References: WP. I 705, Mayrhofer 477.
Pages: 1056
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ṭapħa
Meaning: beat, hit
Comments: An expressive root (and maybe more than one, cf. in Altaic also *t`abi and *tā́p`V, *t`i̯ŏ́p`é).
References: ОСНЯ 2, 108-109; ND 550 *da/oṗɣV ~ *da/o[ɣ]ṗV 'to push'; 2327 *ṭ[ä]bHa 'to trample, crumple, press' ( + Berb. Ah.); 2327a *ṭab(V)qa 'to hit, strike'; 2398 *ṭä[ṗ]V 'to squeeze, press'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-chuk,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *t`ĕ̀p`a
Meaning: to hit, tip over
Russian meaning: ударять, опрокидывать(ся)
Comments: The root should be distinguished from *tā́p`V and *t`i̯ŏ́p`é q. v., although they certainly tend to be confused. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *Tap-la-
Meaning: 1 to chop off splinters 2 to forge, hammer
Russian meaning: 1 тесать 2 ковать 3 трамбовать
Tatar: tapta- 1, 2, 3
Middle Turkic: tapla- 'бить, выравнивать' (Pav. C.) Uzbek: tɔpta- 3
Uighur: tapta- 1, 2, 3
Azerbaidzhan: tapdala- 2
Khakassian: tapta- 2, 3
Oyrat: tapta- 1, 2, 3
Chuvash: topta- 2, 3
Yakut: taptaj- 2, 3
Tuva: tapta- 1, 2, 3
Kirghiz: tapta- 1, 2, 3
Kazakh: tapta- 1, 2, 3
Noghai: tapta- 1, 2, 3
Balkar: tabla- 'to hammer'
Karaim: tapta- 1, 2, 3
Kumyk: tapta- 1, 2, 3
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-blkx,turcet-krmx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *taɣ- / *tuji-
Meaning: 1 to dump, capsize 2 to cut, sharpen
Russian meaning: 1 сбрасывать (всадника), опрокидывать 2 обрезать, точить
Written Mongolian: tujila- (L 840) 1 , taɣari- (L 765), tajiri- (KW) 2 Middle Mongolian: tujla- 'брыкаться' (MA 354) Khalkha: tujla- 1, tajra- 2
Buriat: tajra- 2
Kalmuck: tūĺ- 1, tǟr- 2
Ordos: tuila- 1, tāri- 2
Dagur: tāri- 2
Shary-Yoghur: tār- 2
Comments: KW 388, 413, MGCD 622. monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *tep-
Meaning: 1 to hit (with a heavy object); to kill (a deer) 2 to trample 3 to dance 4 to cut through 5 to shoot
Russian meaning: 1 ударять (тяжелым предметом); закалывать (оленя) 2 топтать 3 плясать 4 пробивать, прорезать 5 стрелять
Evenki: tepū- 1, tepte- 2, tepti- 4
Even: tepseŋnī- 2
Negidal: tepekele- 5
Nanai: tepete- 3
Comments: ТМС 2, 237, 238. Cf. also an expressive variant *tapta- 'to clap' (ТМС 2, 164). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-nan,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *tàpú-
Meaning: 1 to tip over, collapse 2 to dump, capsize, topple
Russian meaning: 1 спотыкаться, опрокидываться 2 опрокидывать
Old Japanese: tapura- 1, tapus- 2
Middle Japanese: tàfúra- 1, tafus- 2
Tokyo: taoré- 1, taós- 2
Kyoto: táóré- 1, táós- 2
Kagoshima: tàòrè- 1, tàòs- 2
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1038
Proto: *tappa
English meaning: to stamp with feet; to hit, knock
German meaning: mit den Füssen stampfen; schlagen, pochen, klopfen
Finnish: tappa- 'totschlagen; ermorden; schlachten', tappele- 'sich schlagen, kämpfen', taputta- 'klopfen, klatschen'
Estonian: tapa- 'töten, schlachten', dial. tap̄- 'dreschen'
Mordovian: tapa- (E M) 'schlagen, prügeln, zerschlagen, zertreten, niedertreten'
Udmurt (Votyak): tap- (URS) 'быть плотно утоптанным', tapi̮rt- (S), tapi̮rti̮- (URS) 'stampfen, топтать' ?
Komi (Zyrian): tap-tap kar- 'klopfen, schlagen', tapki̮- (S P VU) 'erhaschen, in den Rücken stoßen; идти, мягко ступая лапами' ?
Hungarian: topp, top, tapp, tap (dial.) 'Schritt, Tritt', top (dial.) 'unterer Teil des Oberfußes, Fuß', top- (dial.) 'zertreten, zerstampfen', tapod- (dial. tipod-) 'treten, zertreten', tapos- 'treten', tapsol- '(in die Hände) klatschen'
Nenets (Yurak): tapar- (O) 'mit dem Fuß treten, stoßen; ein Bein stellen'
Selkup: tapi̮r- (Ta.) '(mit dem Fuß) stoßen', tappol- 'stoßen', taperna- (Ta. B), tāberna- (Ke.), tabarna- (N) 'mit den Füßen stoßen'
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-mrd,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,uralet-ugr,uralet-nen,uralet-slk,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *ṭḳeb-
Russian meaning: топтать, придавливать
English meaning: to trample, press upon
Georgian: ṭḳeb-
Svan: ṭḳeb-, ṭḳb-
Laz: (n)ṭḳab-, ṭḳaṗ-
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 182, EWK 329-330. Сближение с ПИЕ *tep- 'бить, топтать', алт. *t`apV 'бить, ковать, топтать', урал. *tappa- 'бить, топтать', драв. *tapp- 'бить' см. МССHЯ 330.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-sva,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *tap-
Meaning : to strike
Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *tap- Notes : Telugu *d- probably by contamination with *dap-.
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-notes,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *tap-/*dab-
Meaning : to strike
Tamil : tappu (tappi-)
Tamil meaning : to strike, beat, kill
Tamil derivates : tappai a blow
Kannada : dabbe, debbe, ḍabbe, ḍebbe
Kannada meaning : a blow, stroke
Number in DED : 3075
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *dabb-
Meaning : to slap
Telugu : dabbaḍincu
Additional forms : Also debba blow, stroke, attack
Number in DED : 3075
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *tap-
Meaning : to strike, kill
Parji : tapp-
Additional forms : Also Parji tapoṛ slap
Number in DED : 3075
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-parji,kogaet-addition,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *tap-
Meaning : to beat
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-kon,
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Konda etymology :
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Konda : tap-
Meaning: (BB) to strike, hit
Number in DED : 3075
konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-dednum,
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Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *t(ǝ)bi-
Meaning (Rus.): стоять на двух ногах
kamet-meaning,kamet-chuk,kamet-itel,
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Chukchee-Koryak etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *tbɨ-ɫɫa-
Meaning (Rus.): стоять на ногах (о человеке) 1, (встать) на дыбы 2
Chukchee: (t)vetɫa- 1, (АБ) wetca- 1, 2
Koryak: (t)vella- 1
Palan: vec̨c̨a-k 1, veccaŋ 2
Alutor: (c)vicca- 1
Comments: Первоначальное значение 'стоять на двух ногах'. Ср. *-tbi- 'стать каким-либо'(1352). Интересно также *ǝnbiɫ- 'остановиться'.
chuket-prnum,chuket-meaning,chuket-chu,chuket-kor,chuket-pal,chuket-alu,chuket-comments,
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Itelmen etymology :
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Proto-Itelmen: *tĕ-, *t'zo-
Meaning (Rus.): вставать
Itelmen: t-kes (t-at-kes mult.) 1, te-kej- 2, tx-zu-kes dur. 3
Itelmen meaning: вставать 1, вставать с постели 2, стоять 3, поставить, ставить 4, расставлять (по местам) 5
West Itelmen: ta-kai̯-kaz 1, tzo-kaz 2, tzo-lit-kaz 3
West Itelmen meaning: surgere e lecto 1, stare 2, distare 3
West Itelmen meaning (Polish): wstawać z ɫoża 1, stać 2, odstawać, być oddalonymi 3
South Itelmen: ta-kai̯-kik 3sg. past 1, ~ si-skazix 2sg. pres. 2
South Itelmen meaning (Latin): surrexit 1, stas 2
South Itelmen meaning (Polish): powstaɫ 1, stoisz 2
Number in Volodin 1976: 209, 62, 200
Stebnitsky reference: 104
Comments: Вторая часть композита 'вставать с постели' - *-kej- (240).
itelet-prnum,itelet-meaning,itelet-ite,itelet-itemea,itelet-wit,itelet-witmea,itelet-witmep,itelet-sit,itelet-sitmea,itelet-sitmep,itelet-vol,itelet-steb,itelet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : TVPV
Meaning : beat, hit
Sino-Caucasian : ST *TVp 'beat' African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-tòb- 'hit, break'; Sandawe *dubeʔ 'to hit, smash'. Notes : An expressive root (and maybe more than one, cf. in Altaic also *t`i̯ŏ́p`é and *tā́p`V; in ST also *dhēp). In Afroas. cf. also *ṭibaʕ- 'push', *daw/yVs- 'trample', *dab-/*dib- 'break, beat'; in Austric cf. also *tab. globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-afr,globet-notes,globet-reference,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dup-
Meaning: push
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-scu,afaset-omo,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 1094
Proto-Semitic: *dVp-
Meaning: 'push'
Hebrew: dpy
Mehri: dōfa
Harsusi: dōfa
Notes: Cf. also Sem *dVḥVp- 'push away' (Akk daʔapu, Hbr dḥp) and *nVdVp- 'push': Hbr ndp, Arab ndf.
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-hbr,semet-mhr,semet-hss,semet-notes,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *dup-
Meaning: 'push'
Sura: túp [JgS]
Notes: For Ngz dǝ̀bú see CCh Mlw dìbí [TMlv}, both < *dVb
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-sur,wchet-notes,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *duf-
Meaning: 'press with force (a hard object)'.
Mafa=Matakam: dúdúf- [BMaf]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-mtk,
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South Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-South Cushitic: *dif-
Meaning: 'beat'
Alagwa (Wasi): dif-
Burunge (Mbulungi): dif-
scuet-prnum,scuet-meaning,scuet-alg,scuet-bur,
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Omotic etymology :
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Proto-Omotic: *dup-
Meaning: 'throw'
Kafa (Kaficho): dup-
omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-kaf,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *dVp
Meaning: to beat
Austroasiatic meaning: beat
Proto-Thai: dup to beat
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-tai,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *dɨ:p / *dɨp
Meaning: beat
Thai: dup to beat
Proto-Khmu: *tɨp
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-kat,aaet-vim,aaet-kmu,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *dɨ:p
Meaning: to stamp (with the foot)
Presyllable: # / cǝN-
References: P-1074; TK16.15a
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-wkat,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,
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West Katuic etymology :
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Proto-West Katuic: *dɨ:p
Meaning: to stamp (with the foot)
Presyllable: gǝ- / #
Bru: kǝtɨ:p.B
Bru meaning: to stamp (with the foot)
Kui: thɨ:p.B
Kui meaning: to stamp
wkatet-meaning,wkatet-wpre,wkatet-prnum,wkatet-bru,wkatet-brume,wkatet-kui,wkatet-kuime,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *dVp
Meaning: to stamp (with the foot)
Presyllable: cǝN-
Kantu dialects: candop
Triw: cɨndǝp
Dakkan dialects (1): candɔp
Katu dialects (1): tǝp E?
Katu meaning: to march
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-kntt,ekatet-tr,ekatet-dkl,ekatet-and,ekatet-katme,
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Viet-Muong etymology :
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Proto-Viet-Muong:
Meaning: to smash, break
Vietnamese: d_ập
Vietnamese meaning: smash, pound, break
Muong dialect: dǝ̆p.3
Nguon dialect (1): tǝ̆p.8
Nguon dialect (2): ʔǝ̆p.8
Phong: tɨ̆p.8
Proto-Ruc: *tɨp.3
Ruc (Russian field rec.): tɨp.3
Ruc meaning: to crumble
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-viet,vimet-vietme,vimet-anng,vimet-ncl,vimet-nyt,vimet-pho,vimet-prru,vimet-rucr,vimet-rucme,
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