Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *skildu-z

Meaning: shield

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: *skildu-s m. `shield'

Old Norse: skjɔld-r m. `Schild'; skjald-tili `etäfel'

Old Swedish: Run. dat. sg. skialti

Swedish: sköld

Danish: skjold

Old English: scield `Schild, Schutz'

English: shield

Old Frisian: skeld, skild

Old Saxon: skild `Schild, Schutz'

Middle Dutch: scilt m.

Dutch: schild n.

Middle Low German: schilt

Old High German: scilt `Schild' (8.Jh.)

Middle High German: schilt, gen. -ltes/-ldes st. m. 'schild; wappenschild, wappen; schild der schaltiere'

German: Schild m.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *(s)keit-, -d- (kh-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: shield

Old Indian: kheṭa- m. `shield'

Slavic: *ščī̃tъ

Baltic: *skait-a- n., *skī̃d-a- c., *skīd-ā̂ f.

Germanic: *skild-u- m.

Latin: scūtum, -ī `Schild'

Celtic: OIr scīath `Schild'; Cymr ysgwyd, OBret scoit, NBret skoed `id.'

Russ. meaning: щит

References: WP II 541 f, 590 f

Comments: ? -l- (Ind, Germ) as a result of contamination with *keld- 'sword, handle of a sword'.

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *skait-a- n., *skī̃d-a- c., *skīd-ā̂ f.

Meaning: shield

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: skī̃da-s m. `Schild', skīdà f. `Schild; Helmkraut, Scutellaria'

Old Prussian: staytan (lies: scaytan) `Schild' V. 421

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *gUjV

Meaning: other

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *gojV

Kartvelian: *gaw-/gw-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *kʷa-sqъ (~ *-ɫ́q-) two, other

References: Suggested by V. Glumov. (Alt.-Kartv.)

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *gojV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: different, other

Russian meaning: другой, отличный

Mongolian: *gojar

Tungus-Manchu: *goj / *gia

Japanese: *kía

Comments: The Jpn. form reflects a contraction *kía < *kV́ja, frequent in roots with medial *-j-.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *gojar

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: two

Russian meaning: два

Written Mongolian: qojar (L 955)

Middle Mongolian: xojar (HY 42), qojar (SH), qujar (IM), qujar (MA)

Khalkha: xojor

Buriat: xojor

Kalmuck: xojr

Ordos: xojor

Dongxian: Gua

Baoan: Guar

Dagur: xojir (Тод. Даг. 177), hojire (MD 162)

Shary-Yoghur: Gūr

Monguor: Gōr (SM 122)

Mogol: qojōr; ZM qejār (25-1a)

Comments: KW 181-182, MGCD 361. Northern dialects reflect *k-, due to contamination with *koji- 'to be behind, follow' or with *korin 'twenty'.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *goj / *gia

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: other

Russian meaning: другой

Evenki: gē̂

Even: gǟ

Negidal: gē̂

Spoken Manchu: Guā (3023) 'other,another'

Literary Manchu: Guwa

Ulcha: Gē̂-Gda 'single'; Goj

Orok: Gē̂-da 'one, single'; Goị

Nanai: Gịa-Gda 'single'; Goj

Udighe: geä

Solon: gē̃

Comments: ТМС 1, 144, 157-158. Ramstedt's (SKE 185) idea about borrowing from Sino-Korean is impossible.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kía

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: different, other

Russian meaning: другой, отличный

Old Japanese: kje

Middle Japanese: ké

Comments: JLTT 448.

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *gaw-/gw-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: быть похожим

English meaning: to resemble

Georgian: gaw-, gw-

Megrel: g-, gu-

Svan: gw- (also ʒ-eš-, ǯon-)

Laz: g-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 58, 61, EWK 74-75.

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *kʷasqъ (~ *-ɫ́q-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): два, другой

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *bacqъ-

Proto-Itelmen: *kash

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *bacqъ-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): другой 1, последний 2

Koryak: vatqen(a), vacqen(a)

Palan: w/vac̨qen(a) 1, vac̨qǝ-lhen 2

Alutor: vacq-in(a) 1, vacqǝ-lʔ-in(a) 2

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *kash

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): два

Itelmen: kasx, kasxa-'n pl.

Itelmen meaning: два

West Itelmen: kasx [kassa*] 1, kasxǝ-n 2, po-kasx 3

West Itelmen meaning: duo 1, bis 2, secundo 3

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): dwa 1, dwa razy 2, podrugie 3

South Itelmen: kaz [ka'as*]

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): duo

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): dwa

Number in Volodin 1976: 188

Stebnitsky reference: 102

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVJV

Meaning : other

Eurasiatic : *gwVjV

Sino-Caucasian : *HVq̇wV́

Amerind (misc.) : *kaku (actually *Haku) 'two; other' (R 791)

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HVq̇wV́

Meaning: alien, strange, foreign

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *HVq̇wV

Sino-Tibetan: *waj (~ Qʷ-)

Yenisseian: *qoʔoj (~χ-,-G-,-χ-)

Comments and references : HGC 39. The PY form is most probably reduplicated (and not pointing to tense phonation).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *HVq̇wV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: strange, foreign

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *hiḳʷV ( ~ ħ-)

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔaq̇V-

Notes: An And.-Tsez. isogloss.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *hiḳʷV ( ~ ħ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: strange, foreign

Chamalal: heḳu

Comments: Attested only in Cham., but having a probable Tsez. parallel.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔaq̇V-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: strange, foreign

Tsezi: aq̇Ii=

Comments: Attested only in Tsez., with probable Andian parallels.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *waj (~ Qʷ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: foreigner

Burmese: wajh to speak with an accent.

Lushai: vai a foreigner.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *qoʔoj (~χ-,-G-,-χ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: neighbouring

Ket: qɔ:j³ (cf. also qɔ́namś 'foreign')

Comments: ССЕ 260. Werner 2, 124 <*qogoj>.

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