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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *xwala-z, *xwali-z; *xwalisa-z
Meaning: whale
Old Norse: hval-r m. `Wal'
Norwegian: kval
Swedish: val
Danish: hval
Old English: hwäl, -es m. `whale'
English: whale
Middle Dutch: wal m.; wils
Dutch: walvis m.
Middle Low German: walfisch; wils, wilsch
Old High German: (h)wal m. (um 800); (h)wal(i)ra (10.Jh.)
Middle High German: wal (-l-) st. m. 'walfisch'; wɛls st. m. 'wels'; { walre, waler }, EaHG waller, weller `Wal; Wels'; wels, welsch, wilsch (15.Jh.)
German: Wels m.; Wal m.
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *(a)skʷal-, *kʷal-
Meaning: a k. of big fish; whale
Avestan: kara- `a mythical fish'
Old Greek: áspalos = ikhtǘs (Athaman.) Hsch.; aspaliéu̯-s 'angler'
Latin: squalus, -ī `ein grösserer Meerfisch, Meersaugfisch ?'
Russ. meaning: рыба - кит
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-avest,piet-greek,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *kal-[a]- m.
Meaning: a k. of big fish
Old Prussian: kalis `Wels' V. 569
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-oprus,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1763
Root: (s)kʷalo-s
English meaning: a large fish
German meaning: `eine größere Fischart'
General comments: oder vielmehr kʷalo-s ?
Material: Lat. squalus `ein größerer Meerfisch'; das s- könnte aber erst sekundär von squatus ds., squāma `Schuppe' bezogen sein; aisl. hvalr m. (neben -hveli n.) `Walfisch' (i-St.), ags. hwæl, engl. whale, as. ahd. hwal ds., neben ahd. hwelira (germ. *hvali-s-ōn-), nhd. Waller, Weller und mhd. `Wels' (germ. *hvali-s), wozu auch apr. kalis `Wels'; der mythische Fisch av. kora- ist die iran. Wiedergabe eines urmordwin. *kola `Fisch', später kal, zu tscherem. kol, lapp. guole, finn. kala usw.; die ganze Sippe also wohl finno-ugr. Herkunft.
References: WP. II 541, WH. II 581 f., Hoops, Engl. Stud. 28, 1 ff., Jacobsohn, Arier und Ugrofinnen 241 f.
Pages: 958
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ḳUlV
Meaning: big fish
Dravidian: SDr *kol- 'a k. of fish'
Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *kalal 'горбуша'
References: МССНЯ 362, ОСНЯ 1, 288-289; ND 1030 *ḳolV 'big fish'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-chuk,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`ùla
Meaning: a k. of big fish
Russian meaning: вид большой рыбы
Comments: Doerfer MT 91 and Rozycki 130 consider Mong. to be borrowed < TM (Evk. kalim etc., see ТМС 1, 366-367); however, the direction of borrowing was probably reverse. This is one of several similar fish names, sometimes difficult to distinguish - see *kalu, *k`ile. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *kalimu
Meaning: whale
Russian meaning: кит
Written Mongolian: qalimu (L 920) Khalkha: xalim
Buriat: xalim
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xol-sa
Meaning: 1 fish 2 boiled fish
Russian meaning: 1 рыба 2 вареная рыба
Evenki: ollo 1
Even: olrъ̣ 1
Negidal: olo 1
Ulcha: xolto(n) 2
Orok: xolto 2
Nanai: xolto 2
Oroch: okto 2
Udighe: oloho 2
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kàra-
Meaning: plaice
Russian meaning: камбала
Middle Japanese: kàrèfí
Tokyo: kárei
Kyoto: kárèì
Kagoshima: kareí
Comments: JLTT 440. The PJ accent is not quite clear (but the first syllable should undoubtedly be reconstructed with low tone). japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 230
Proto: *kala
English meaning: fish
German meaning: Fisch
Finnish: kala 'Fisch'
Estonian: kala
Saam (Lapp): guolle -l- (N), kuollē (L), kī̊ille (T), kũill (Kld.), kuoill (Not.)
Mordovian: kal (E M)
Mari (Cheremis): kol (KB U B)
Khanty (Ostyak): kul (V), χut́ (DN), χul (O)
Mansi (Vogul): kōl (TJ), χūl (KU So.), kul (P)
Hungarian: hal
Nenets (Yurak): χāĺe (O), kāŕe (Nj.)
Enets (Yen): kaðe, kare (Ch.), kare (K B)
Nganasan (Tawgi): kole, kuale, kuǝlle
Selkup: ke̮l, qe̮l (TaM), ke̮l, qe̮li (Ty.), k͔uel (Ke.), qē̮li̮ (Tur.)
Kamass: kola
Janhunen's version: (8) *kala
Sammalahti's version: *kala
Addenda: Koib. kola; Mot. kele; Karag. kalè; Taig. kallà
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-saa,uralet-mrd,uralet-mar,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,uralet-nen,uralet-enc,uralet-nga,uralet-slk,uralet-kam,uralet-janh,uralet-samm2,uralet-add,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳalmax-
Russian meaning: рыба
English meaning: fish
Svan: ḳalmax
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-sva,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVLV
Meaning : big fish
Afroasiatic : *kwVl- (Cush., Chad.) 'fish'
Amerind (misc.) : *kal 'fish' (R 274) globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-amer,globet-reference,
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