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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *swombh- (Gr s-)
Meaning: sponge, tree-fungus; swamp
Old Greek: somphó- `schwammig, locker, porös'
Russ. meaning: растение (губка, губчатый гриб); мокрое место
References: WP II 534 f
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-greek,piet-germ,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *swamma-z, *swampu-z, *sumpu-z
Meaning: sponge, tree-fungus
Gothic: swamm-s m.? (a) `sponge'
Old Norse: svɔpp-r `Ball', sopp-r `Ball'
Norwegian: sopp `Pilz'
Swedish: svamp, dial. sopp `Pilz'
Old Danish: svamp
Old English: { swamm m. }
English: swamp `Sumpf'
Middle Dutch: swam, swamme m. `spons, paddestoel'; somp, tsomp, sump, Kil. sompe
Dutch: zwam f.; zump f., m. `moeras'; westnl. somp f. `poel, drassige plek'
Middle Low German: swamp, gen. -pes `Schwamm, Pilz'; swam, gen. -mmes `id.'; sump; sumpt
Old High German: swamb m. `Schwamm, Pilz' (12.Jh.); swammo, swambo (12.Jh.) `id.'; swam, gen. -mmes `Schwamm; Pilz' (8.Jh.); sunft (9.Jh.) `Sumpf'
Middle High German: sumpf, sunpf st. m. 'Sumpf'; swam (-mm-), swamp (-b-) st. m., swamme wk. m. 'schwamm, pilz'
German: Sumpf m.; Schwamm m.
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-odan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
Meaning: black-cock
Dravidian: SDr *tār- / *tār_- 'duck, heron'
Comments: Cf. Ainu *tiri 'bird'.
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-esk,nostret-notes,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *t`ŏ́ro(-k`V)
Meaning: a k. of bird
Russian meaning: вид птицы
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *torgaj
Meaning: 1 small bird 2 lark
Russian meaning: 1 маленькая птица 2 жаворонок
Old Turkic: torɨɣa 1
Karakhanid: turumtaj 'a predatory bird used for hawking' (MK) Turkish: turgaj 2
Tatar: turɣaj 2
Azerbaidzhan: toraɣaj
Turkmen: torGaj 2
Khakassian: pos-tarɣaj 2
Chuvash: tъʷri 2
Yakut: tujār 1
Kirghiz: torɣoj 2
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-krg,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *turaɣu
Meaning: raven, crow
Russian meaning: ворон
Written Mongolian: turaɣu, turulɣa, turalaɣ (L 843: turlaɣ 'rook') Middle Mongolian: tura'un (HY 13) Khalkha: xar torū; turliax 'галка'
Buriat: turlāg
Kalmuck: torǝg, torlǝg
Ordos: xara turū, alaG turū
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *turākī
Meaning: crow, rook
Russian meaning: ворона, грач
Evenki: turākī
Even: tụrъ̣qị
Negidal: torāxị̄
Nanai: torākị
Oroch: tuaxi, tuwaki
Udighe: tua`i
Solon: turāki
Comments: ТМС 2,218 (sub тура- 'раскрыть'). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *tằrk
Meaning: fowl
Russian meaning: курица, петух
Modern Korean: tak [talk]
Middle Korean: tằrk
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *tǝ́rí
Meaning: bird
Russian meaning: птица
Old Japanese: tori
Middle Japanese: tórí
Tokyo: tòri
Kyoto: tórí
Kagoshima: tói
Nase: tùrí
Shuri: túì
Hateruma: tu_̀r_ɨ̀
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-nas,japet-shu,japet-hat,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1660
Proto: *tere (*tetre)
English meaning: black-cock
German meaning: Birkhuhn, Birkhahn
Finnish: teeri (gen. teeren) 'Birkhuhn, Birkhahn', dial. teiri, terri, töyri, teyri, tetri ?
Estonian: teder (gen. tedre), dial. tedre, tedr, tõdr ?
Udmurt (Votyak): tur (S K G) ?
Komi (Zyrian): tar (S P PO) ?
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *ṭrad-
Russian meaning: голубь
English meaning: pigeon
Georgian: ṭred-
Megrel: ṭoronǯ-
Laz: ṭoroǯ-, ṭooǯ-
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 183, EWK 334.
kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-meg,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,
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Eskimo etymology :
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Proto-Eskimo: *tǝratǝr[i]
Meaning: bird (sp.)
Russian meaning: птица (спец.)
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 336
esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,esqet-inup,esqet-refer,
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Yupik etymology :
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Proto-Yupik: *tǝratǝrVHi-
Meaning: bird (sp.)
Russian Meaning: птица (один из видов)
Chaplino: //tǝratǝrīq (ʁ) 'dunkin, red phalarope, sandpiper'
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 336
yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-chap,yupet-ced,
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Inupik etymology :
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Proto-Inupik: *taa[tr]i-
Meaning: loon 1, kittiwake 2
Russian meaning: гагара 1
North Alaskan Inupik: tāsiŋiq, tātciŋiq 1, tātciŋiraq 'stale-coloured junco'
Greenlandic Inupik: tātiʁāq 2
GRI Dialects: EG tālaqqāq 2
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 336
inupet-prnum,inupet-meaning,inupet-rmean,inupet-nai,inupet-gri,inupet-gris,inupet-ced,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : TVRV
Meaning : a k. of bird
Afroasiatic : *ṭayr-
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭayr-
Meaning: bird
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-omo,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 2547
Proto-Semitic: *ṭayr-
Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning: bird
Hebrew: pB. ṭayir, ṭǝyār 'divination from birds, augury' [Ja. 531].
Judaic Aramaic: ṭyr (pa., itpa.) 'to augur' [Soq. 223] (cf. [Ja. 526]).
Syrian Aramaic: ṭayrā 'avis' [Brock. 274], [PS 1449].
Modern Aramaic: Urm ṭayr-
Arabic: ṭayr- 'oiseau; augure, surtout mauvais' [BK 2 129], [LA IV 508]. Note ṭyr (V, VIII) 'augurer mal, tirer un mauvais augure de quelque chose' [ibid.].
Geʕez (Ethiopian): taṭayyara 'to divine by observing the flight of birds' [LGz. 600] (cf. [Nöldecke WB 64]).
Notes: Note Cha. Eža Muh. Msq. Gog. Sod. Wol. ṭur, Enm. End. Gyt. Sel. ṭūr 'good fortune, luck' [LGur. 630] (for -u- cf. Arb. ṭūrat- 'mauvaise augure' [BK 2 129]), probably to be kept apart from Amh. ṭur 'punishment which befalls a wrongdoer, arrogant behaviour, insult' [K 2112] (contra Leslau). Cf. Tna. č̣ǝru 'uccellino, bengallino, e tutti uccelli piccoli' [Bass. 930], Msq. č̣ǝrri, Gog. č̣ǝrriyä 'kind of bird' [LGur. 187]. Eth. verbs like Gez. ṭayyara 'to fly' [LGz. 600], Tgr. ṭera 'to hover (eagle)' [LH 619], Amh. taṭayyara 'to fly' [K 2173] are regarded as Arabisms in [LGz.]. [LGz. 601]: Gez., Arb., Arm., Hbr. pB.; [Brock. 274]: Syr., Jud., Arb., Gez.
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-hbr,semet-jud,semet-syr,semet-new,semet-ara,semet-gzz,semet-notes,
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Omotic etymology :
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Proto-Omotic: ṭor-
Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning: vulture
Kafa (Kaficho): Manjo B ṭōro Fleming Kefa (Gonga) Languages, The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, Mon. No. 5
omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-kaf,
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