Indo-European etymology : List with all references

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Indo-European etymology :

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Proto-IE: *g(h)alǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to be able

Slavic: *golēmъ

Baltic: *gal̂- vb. intr., *gal-ē̂- vb., *gā̃l-iā̃, *gal-jā̂ f.

Celtic: MIr gal `Tapferkeit'; Cymr gallu `können, imstande sein', Corn gallos `Macht', OBret gal `Macht, Können', Bret gallout `können'

Russ. meaning: мочь

References: WP I 539 f

piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,

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Vasmer's dictionary :

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Word: голя́мо

Near etymology: "много, очень", тверск., костр. Обычно сравнивается с болг. голя́м "большой", сербохорв. го̀лем, чеш. holemý, др.-польск. golemszy "больший".

Further etymology: Родственно лит. galiù, galė́ti "мочь", galià "сила, способность", ирл. gal ж. "храбрость"; см. Маценауэр, LF 7, 186; 11, 345; Бернекер 1, 320; Траутман, BSW 77; Лиден, Armen. Stud. 125; М. -- Э. 1, 591. Сомнительна связь с греч. ἀποφώλιος "ничтожный, негодный"; см. Бецценбергер у Стокса (107).

Pages: 1,434-435

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Baltic etymology :

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Proto-Baltic: *gal̂- vb. intr., *gal-ē̂- vb., *gā̃l-iā̃, *gal-jā̂ f.

Meaning: be able

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: galḗti `können, instande sein, vermögen', gō̃lē, galià `Macht, Kraft', gálti (-sta) 'bei Kräften sein, sich wohl befinden'

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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 540

Root: gal-3 oder ghal-

English meaning: to be able

German meaning: `können'

Material: Cymr. gallu `können, imstande sein', corn. gallos `Macht', bret. gallout `können' (ll < ln), ir. gal f. `Tapferkeit', abret. gal `Macht, Können'; air. dī-gal f., cymr. dial, corn. dyal `Rache'; gallorom. *galia `Kraft' (Wartburg); dazu die kelt. VN Galli, Γαλάται;

lit. galiù, galė́ti `können, galià, gãlios `Vermögen, Fähigkeit, Macht', ne-gãlė f. `Unwohlsein';

mit unklarer Bildung russ.-ksl. golěmъ `groß, hoch', bulg. golěḿ `groß, hoch, weit', skr. gȍlijemno `groß', ačech. holemý `groß', skr. gòlem `groß', russ. dial. goljamyj `hoch, mager' und Adv. galjamo `viel, sehr' (Weiteres bei Berneker 320 und Trautmann 77).

References: WP. I 539 f., Trautmann 77.

Pages: 351

PIE database: PIE database

pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,

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Nostratic etymology :

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Eurasiatic: *galV

Meaning: to be able

Indo-European: *g(h)alǝ-

Altaic: *gaĺi

Kartvelian: ? *gangal-

Dravidian: *gel-

References: ND 868 *ka[h]lV 'power, force, be able': compares IE with SDr. *kali 'strength, force' + Sem.

nostret-meaning,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,

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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *gaĺi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to contest

Russian meaning: соревноваться

Tungus-Manchu: *gali-

Korean: *kjǝru-

Japanese: *kisuap- ( ~ *kisǝp-)

Comments: An Eastern isogloss.

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Tungus etymology :

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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *gali-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to contest

Russian meaning: состязаться

Literary Manchu: Galgi-

Nanai: Galị-

Oroch: gali-

Udighe: galoa-

Comments: ТМС 1, 138.

tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-man,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-reference,

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Korean etymology :

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Proto-Korean: *kjǝru-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to compete, contend

Russian meaning: состязаться, соревноваться

Modern Korean: kjǝru-

Comments: KED 111.

koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-reference,

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Japanese etymology :

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Proto-Japanese: *kisuap- ( ~ *kisǝp-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to contest

Russian meaning: соревноваться

Middle Japanese: kisof-

Tokyo: kisó-

Kyoto: kísó-

Kagoshima: kisó-

Comments: JLTT 709. PJ accent unclear: Tokyo points to low tone in the first syllable, Kagoshima - to high; the Kyoto accent is ambiguous, while the word is not attested in RJ.

japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,

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Kartvelian etymology :

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Proto-Kartvelian: *gangal- (*gal-gal-?)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: знать, уметь

English meaning: to know, be able to

Georgian: a-gan-gala-ob-a

Georgian meaning (Rus.): детская игра в загадки

Georgian meaning (Engl.): the riddle game

Svan: gan-gal-

Svan meaning (Rus.): знать

Svan meaning (Eng.): to know

Notes and references: EWK 76. Ср. ПИЕ *g(h)al- 'мочь' (IEW 351), ПТМ *gali- 'соревноваться'.

kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-grmean,kartet-egrmean,kartet-sva,kartet-svmean,kartet-esvmean,kartet-notes,

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Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-Dravidian : *gel-

Meaning : to win

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *gel-

Proto-Telugu : *gel-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *gel-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *gel-

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South Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-South Dravidian : *gel-

Meaning : to win

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : keli (-pp-, -tt-)

Tamil meaning : to conquer, overcome

Tamil derivates : kelippu winning, success, victory

Kannada : gel (geld-), gedi/gelu/gellu (gedd-), geli (gelit-, gelid-)

Kannada meaning : to win, gain, conquer, overcome, triumph

Kannada derivates : gela, gelavu, gelu, geluvu, geluha, gella gain, victory; a winning, happy, sprightly air; gelisu, gellisu to win, etc.; geluge, geluvike, gelluvike winning, etc.

Kodagu : gell- (gelluv-, gedd-), (Kar.) gëll-

Kodagu meaning : to win

Tulu : gelipuni, gelpuni, genduni

Tulu meaning : to win, conquer

Tulu derivates : gelkayi victory, winning, victorious; gelpu victory, gain; gelavu sprightliness, liveliness, courage; (B-K) gēlo victory, success

Proto-Nilgiri : *gel-

Miscellaneous : KOR (O) geddu to win

Number in DED : 1972

sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-misc,sdret-dednum,

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Nilgiri etymology :

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Proto-Nilgiri : *gel-

Meaning : to win

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : gel- (ged_-)

Toda : kelc- (kelč-) "to be successful"

Additional forms : Also Kota gelc- (gelc-) to win and secure something; gel a goal, test, objective in race, a win in a game

Number in DED : 1972

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Telugu etymology :

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Proto-Telugu : *gel-

Meaning : to win, gain, conquer, overcome, succeed

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : gelucu

Additional forms : Also gelipincu to cause to succeed or win; [1] gelupu, [2] gelpu victory, success, gain, winning; geluvamu victory, success; [1] gelivi, [2] geliviḍi joy, gladness, cheerfulness

Number in DED : 1972

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Kolami-Gadba etymology :

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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *gel-

Meaning : to win

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kinwat Kolami : gel-

Kolami (Setumadhava Rao) : gell-

Naikri : ghel-

Number in DED : 1972

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Gondwan etymology :

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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *gel-

Meaning : to win; to save

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : gels- (-t-)

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *gel-

gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-kon,gndet-kui,

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Konda etymology :

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Konda : gels- (-t-)

Meaning: to win, escape from danger

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda gelpis- (-t-) to save, rescue, cause to win or become eminent

Number in DED : 1972

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Kui-Kuwi etymology :

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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *gel-

Meaning : to save; to win

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : gelpali "to save"

Kuwi (Schulze) : gelhinai "to win"

Notes : Kuwi_S represents the initial form (*gelh- < *gel-b-; the Kui form would look like *gelba); in Kuwi_F we have the original causative.

Number in DED : 1972

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