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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *glewǝbh-
Meaning: to cut, to split
Old Greek: glǘphō, aor. glǘpsai̯ `ausmeisseln, gravieren', glüphís, -ídos `Kerbe(n)', glüptḗr m., glǘphano-s `Schnitzmesser', glüphǟ́ `das Eingegrabene, Petschaft'
Latin: glūbō, -ēre, -psī, -ptum `abschälen; ein Tier abdecken, schinden', glubēre/glūbēre intr.; glūma f. `Hülse, Balg des Getreides'
Russ. meaning: резать, раскалывать
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-greek,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *gleub-t-en-iā̃ f.
Meaning: plough-share
Old Prussian: gleuptene `Streichbrett am Pfluge, das die aufgerissene Erde umwendet'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-oprus,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *klūban-/*kliuban- vb., *klaubō; *klaubēn m., *klubjōn- vb., *klubjō
Meaning: cut, split
Old Norse: kljūfa st. `spalten'; klauf f. `Kluft; Huf; die asyndetische Verbindung von zwei Sannkenningar'; klüf f. `Saumsattel für eine zweiteilige Last'; klüfja wk. `spalten; belasten, bepacken', klof n. `Kluft, Spalt, Riss', klofi m. `Kluft; Mastfischung; Laderaum'
Norwegian: kluva, klüva vb.; klauv; klov `Kluft'; klove `Kluft; gespaltener Stamm'
Swedish: klüva `spalten'; klove `Schraubstock'; klöv; dial. klov `Kluft'; klove `Schraubstock'
Danish: klöv; klov `gespalteter Huf'; klove `Halsjoch für Kühe'
Old English: clēofan `spalten'; clofe `Schnalle', clufu `Knochlauchzehe, Zwiebel'
English: cleave; cleft; clove `Knoblauchzehe', dial. `Spalt, Felsspalte, Schlucht'
Old Frisian: klova m. `onderdeel, van een district'; klāve `Abteilung'
East Frisian: klucht, klücht, klüft; kleft f., klefte n. `afdeling van de burgerij'
Old Saxon: kliovan st.; klovo m. `gespaltener Stock, Kloben zum Vogelfang'; kluht `tang'
Middle Dutch: clōve f. `kloof, spleet; klem, val'; clieven st. `spalten'; cluft, clucht `gedeelte, afdeling'; clūven st.
Dutch: kloof f.; klieven (dial. st.); klucht f.; kluiven st.
Middle Low German: klūven st.; kluft, klucht `tang; spleet, gespleten voorwerp; afdeling van de burgerij of geslacht; crypt'; klōve `Spalt, Felsspalte, gespaltenes Holzstück zum Vogelfang'
Old High German: klūbōn (10.Jh.) `pflücken, stückweise ab-, auflesen'; klioban st. (9.Jh.) `spalten'; klobo m. (11.Jh.) `gespaltener Stock zum Vogelfang'; klobo-louh; kluppe f. `Zange, gespaltenesHolz zum Klemmen'; kluft `tang, schaar, karsensnuiter'
Middle High German: klieben st. 'spalten, klieben'; klūben wk. 'pflücken, stückweise ab-, auflesen; rauben, stehlen; stückweise zerreissen'; klobe wk. m. `gespaltenes Holzstück zum Klemmen, Festhalte, Fessel, Riegel'
German: klauben; südd., öst. klieben `spalten'; Kloben m.; Knoblauch; { Kluppe }
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-ofris,germet-eastfris,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 589
Root: gleubh-
English meaning: to cut, slice, pare
German meaning: `schneiden, klieben, schnitzen, abschälen'
Material: Gr. γλύφω `schnitze aus, meißle aus, graviere', γλυφίς, -ίδος f. `Kerbe'; lat. glūbō, -ĕre `abschälen, bes. ein Tier abdecken', glūma `Hülse, Schale, Balg des Getreides'(Formans -smā; glūbō mit ū = eu, wie nhd. klieben);
ahd. klioban, ags. cleōfan, anord. kljūfa `spalten', anord. klauf f. `Kluft, der gespaltene Huf', schwundstuf. anord. klofna, -aða `sich spalten', klyfia klufða `spalten', klof n. `Kluft, Spalt', klofi m. `Türkloben, Klemme', = as. kloƀo m. `gespaltener Stock, Kloben zum Vogelfang' = ahd. klobo `gespaltener Stock zum Einklemmen oder Fangen, Kloben', ags. clofe f. `Schnalle', clufu f. `Zwiebel', ahd. klobo-louh, nhd. mit Dissimilation Knoblauch, ahd. kluppa f. `Zange, gespaltenes Holz zum Klemmen', nhd. Kluppe (*klubjōn-), anord. klyf f. `der zweigeteilte Packsattel', ahd. kluft, nhd. Kluft; nach Wissmann (Nom. postverb. 129 f.) mit expressiv gedehnter Tiefstufe ū: ahd. klūbōn `zerpflücken', nhd. klauben (dazu wohl mit germ. intensiver Konsonantenschärfung anord. klȳpa `klemmen, kneifen');
apr. gleuptene `Streichbrett am Pfluge, das die aufgerissene Erde umwendet'; aber lit.glaudýti `aushülsen' hat wohl das -d von gvaldýti `aushülsen, entkernen' bezogen, genau so, wie gvalbýti ds. sein -b- von *glaubýti bezogen hat.
References: WP. I 661, WH. 1 610 f.
Pages: 401-402
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *kVlV ?
Meaning: cut
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *kằle
Meaning: knife, to cut
Russian meaning: нож, резать
Comments: One of the many "verbs of cutting" in PA, with only nominal derivatives preserved in PT and PTM.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *Kɨlɨ̄č
Meaning: sword
Russian meaning: меч
Old Turkic: qɨlɨč (OUygh.)
Turkish: kɨlɨč, kɨlɨǯ
Tatar: qɨlɨč
Uzbek: qilič
Uighur: qilič
Sary-Yughur: qɨlɨš
Azerbaidzhan: Gɨlɨǯ
Turkmen: Gɨlɨč
Khakassian: xɨlɨs
Shor: qɨlɨš
Oyrat: qɨlɨč
Halaj: Gɨlīč
Chuvash: xǝś
Yakut: kɨlɨs, kɨlɨ̄s
Tuva: xɨlɨš
Kirghiz: qɨlɨč
Kazakh: qɨlɨš
Noghai: qɨlɨš
Bashkir: qɨlɨs
Balkar: qɨlɨč
Gagauz: qɨlɨč
Karaim: qɨlɨč
Karakalpak: qɨlɨš
Kumyk: qɨlɨč
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kali-ki(n)
Meaning: scar, cicatrice
Russian meaning: шрам, рубец
Ulcha: qalχị(n)
Orok: qalịχị
Nanai: qalχị̃
Oroch: kalixi
Udighe: kalehä
Comments: ТМС 1, 366. Cf. also Evn. qǟli- 'to whet' (ТМС 1, 388). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kǝ̀r-
Meaning: to cut off, chop, hack
Russian meaning: отрезать, отрубать
Old Japanese: kor-
Middle Japanese: kòr-
Tokyo: kor-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVLV
Meaning : to cut, knife
Notes : (cf. also IE *kolǝ-).
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-notes,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=V́xGĂl-
Meaning: to cut, knife
Comments and references : Different in WFR 7.
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=VG_Ăl
Meaning: to cut, clip, shear
Proto-West Caucasian: *q̇ǝ Notes: The etymology seems both phonetically and semantically plausible, although it is hard to reconstruct the root vowel (because of extensive Ablaut).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=uq̇:- / *q̇:ir-
Meaning: to cut, chop
Andian language: =uq̇:-
Akhvakh: =uq̇:-
Chamalal: =uq̇:-
Tindi: =uq̇:-
Karata: =oq̇:-
Botlikh: =uq̇:-
Bagvalal: =uq̇:-
Godoberi: =uq̇:-
Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Ratl. =oq̇:-, Kar. Tok. =uq̇:-. With reduplication cf. Tind. =uq̇:uq̇:-, Cham. =uq̇:uq̇:-, And. =aq̇:aq̇:- 'to cut in small pieces'. Stem II *q̇:ir- is reflected in the following forms: And. q̇:ir-d-, Akhv. q̇:er-, Cham. q̇:i-d- (Gig. q̇:ir-), Tind. q̇:er-d- 'to clip, shear' (in Cham. also 'to chop'). With expressive suffixation cf. perhaps also Av. q̇:unc̣- 'to clip, shear' ( < *q̇:e-nc̣-, as seen from the old Arch. loanword q̇enc̣-bos id.).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-btl,aandet-bgv,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: q̇u=q̇i-
Meaning: to cut, chop; to end
Lak form: q̇u=q̇i-n
Comments: G. pr. q̇u=q̇u-nu. Cf. Khosr. q̇u=q̇i-n id. Without reduplication the root is attested in the Khosr. dialect: =u=q̇a-n 'to cut, clip, shear'.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *=alʁVn-
Meaning: to cut, chop, shear
Chiragh: =alʁVn- / =ulʁ-
Comments: Cf. also Ur. =alʔVn- / =ulʔ- id.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiq̇:ä(l)
Meaning: 1 to butt, stick into 2 to clip, shear
Tabasaran: ulṭ-u=q:- 2
Agul: uq:- 1
Archi: q̇e-bus 1
Udi: doIq:ala-besun 1
Comment: Archi reflects the Ablaut grade *ʔiq̇:ä- (with regular loss of i-); all other languages reflect the Ablaut grade *ʔoq̇:ä- (the "plural" aspect).
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: t:-äq̇-
North Caucasian etymology: 1905
Meaning: to cut
Khinalug form: t:-äq̇-q̇ʷi
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *q̇ǝ
Meaning: to cut
Abkhaz: a-p-q̇a-rá
Abaza: p-q̇-ra
Ubykh: q̇ǝ-
Comments: PAT *q̇V (in Abkh. there also exists a variant a-pq̇-rá; cf. also a-t-q̇a-rá 'to cut out', showing that t- and p- are prefixes). Ub. a-s-q̇ǝ́-n. Abdokov (1983, 161) compares also PAK *wǝʡa- 'to wound' (Ad., Kab. wǝʡa-) which is rather dubious for phonetic reasons (-q:- would be normally expected).
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *giǝ̆r
Meaning: axe, chop
Lushai: kher to pick out with a pointed instrument; chop or hack.
Lepcha: kar-ǯó a sort of curved knife, a reaping hook
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 斤
Modern (Beijing) reading: jīn
Preclassic Old Chinese: kǝr
Classic Old Chinese: kǝn
Western Han Chinese: kǝn
Eastern Han Chinese: kǝn
Early Postclassic Chinese: kɨn
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kɨn
Late Postclassic Chinese: kɨn
Middle Chinese: kɨn
English meaning : axe
Russian meaning[s]: 1) цзинь (китайский фунт, равный 0,6 кг); 2) вес; весы; 3) топор, сечка; рубить; врубать(ся); 4) проникать, уяснять
Comments: Another Early Zhou reading attested is *kǝrs (MC kɨ̀n, Mand. jìn) in the reduplication *kǝrs-kǝrs 'to be clear-sighted'. Already in L. Zhou the graph occurs with the meaning 'balance, to weigh, measure of weight'; it is not clear whether this meaning is in any way related to the original meaning 'axe'.
Radical: 69
Four-angle index: 1975
Karlgren code: 0443 a-c
Vietnamese reading: cân
Jianchuan Bai: ćĩ4
Dali Bai: će5
Bijiang Bai: ćĩ4
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 98
Character: 斤
MC description : 臻開三平欣見
ZIHUI: 2443 2118
Beijing: ćin 11
Jinan: ćiẽ 11
Xi'an: ćiẽ 11
Taiyuan: ćiŋ 1
Hankou: ćin 11
Chengdu: ćin 11
Yangzhou: ćĩ 11
Suzhou: ćin 11
Wenzhou: ćiaŋ 11
Changsha: ćin 11
Shuangfeng: ćin 11
Nanchang: ćin 11
Meixian: kin 11
Guangzhou: kan 11
Xiamen: kun 11
Chaozhou: kɨŋ 11
Fuzhou: kyŋ 11
Shanghai: ćiŋ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: kiǝn 1
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *gVl
Meaning: cut
Austroasiatic meaning: to cut (trees)
Proto-Austronesian: *puŋgel, *puŋgal
Austronesian meaning: prune, cut off, truncate
Austronesian code: 17:87; 18:86
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-ancode,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *kal / *kǝl / *kɔ:l
Meaning: to cut (trees)
Proto-Khmu: *kɔ:l
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kat,aaet-bah,aaet-kmr,aaet-pawa,aaet-kmu,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *kǝl
Meaning: cut down (tree)
Presyllable: #
References: P-261; TK16.113a
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *kǝl / *kɨǝl
Meaning: cut down (tree)
Presyllable: #
Pakoh: kǝl.L
Pakoh meaning: to fell large trees
Lao Katu: kǝ̂l
Lao Katu meaning: to chop (large tree)
Ngeq: kǝl
Ngeq meaning: to cut down
Kri: kǝl
Chatong: kǝl
Kantu dialects: kǝl
Triw: kɨǝl
Dakkan dialects (1): kʌl
Katu dialects (1): kɨǝl
Katu meaning: to chop large tree
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-pak,ekatet-pakme,ekatet-lka,ekatet-lkame,ekatet-nge,ekatet-ngeme,ekatet-kr,ekatet-ct,ekatet-kntt,ekatet-tr,ekatet-dkl,ekatet-and,ekatet-katme,
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Bahnar etymology :
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Proto-Bahnaric: *kăl
Meaning: fell trees
Bahnar: kal
Bahnar meaning: to chop large trees
Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *kal References: PNB-397, JS-197, TB17.99
banet-meaning,banet-prnum,banet-bah,banet-bahme,banet-nob,banet-sob,banet-web,banet-nwb,banet-har,banet-refer,
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North Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-North-Bahnaric: *kal.T
Meaning: cut
Jeh form: kal.T
Jeh meaning: to cut a groove
Sedang form: kɔ.T
Sedang meaning: fell trees
References: PNB-397
nobet-meaning,nobet-prnum,nobet-jeh,nobet-jehme,nobet-sed,nobet-sedme,nobet-refer,
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South Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-South Bahnaric: *kal / *kɔl
Meaning: fell trees
Chrau form: kal
Chrau meaning: fell trees
Stieng form: kɔl
Stieng meaning: to fell trees
References: SBS-180
sobet-meaning,sobet-prnum,sobet-chr,sobet-chrme,sobet-sti,sobet-stime,sobet-refer,
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West Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-West- Bahnaric: *kal, tǝ- / *gal, tǝ-
Meaning: break
Jaru form: tkal
Jaru meaning: break, smash; TL: kal cut down (a tree)
Lavi: kaɨ
Juk: takal broken (stick)
Brao form: ga:w
Brao meaning: to break
Other WB languages: SAP taga:w
References: JS-197, TB16.163
webet-meaning,webet-prnum,webet-jr,webet-jrme,webet-lve,webet-jk,webet-brao,webet-brame,webet-other,webet-refer,
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North-West Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *kal
Meaning: cut down (a tree)
Tariang: kal
Kaseng: kǝl
Yaeh: kǝl
nwbet-meaning,nwbet-prnum,nwbet-tr,nwbet-ks,nwbet-yh,
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Harak etymology :
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Proto-Harak: *kal
Meaning: cut down (a tree)
Harak: kaɨ
haret-meaning,haret-prnum,haret-hr,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: kal
Old Khmer: ka:l
Old Khmer Meaning: to cut off, across
References: P100
kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-ref,
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Viet-Muong etymology :
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Proto-Viet-Muong:
Meaning: chop off
Proto-Ruc: *ka(:)l.3
Ruc (Russian field rec.): kal.3
Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): ka:l.3
Ruc meaning: to chop off
Thavung-So: khian.1, kian.1
Thavung-So meaning: cut a long thin strip
References: NVL142
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-prru,vimet-rucr,vimet-rucl,vimet-rucme,vimet-so,vimet-some,vimet-bib,
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Palaung-Wa etymology :
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Proto-Palaung-Wa: *go(:)l
Meaning: to cut
Proto-Wa: Pr gu.B
pawaet-meaning,pawaet-prnum,pawaet-prwa,pawaet-prpl,
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Plang etymology :
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Proto-Plang: *go(:)l
Meaning: to cut (trees)
Konto: kol.2, ŋ*
Konto meaning: to cut (trees)
Samtao (Paulsen): ḳɔ.2, ŋ*
Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: to cut (trees)
References: P-325: *ŋkVl.2
prplet-meaning,prplet-prnum,prplet-kont,prplet-kontme,prplet-sap,prplet-sapme,prplet-bib,
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