Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *sekʷ- <PIH -gʷ->

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to see, to notice

Hittite: sakuwa n. pl. 'Augen', sakuwai- (I) 'sehen, blicken' (Friedrich 177)

Slavic: *sočī́tī, *sokъ, *po-, *o-sokā

Germanic: *sixw-a- vb., *si(g)-w-n-í- c., *si(g)w-n-i- adj.

Latin: sīgnum, -ī n. `Zeichen, Abzeichen, Kennzeichen, Bildstatue, Siegel; Spitz- und Übername'

Celtic: *sekʷ- etc. > OIr 3 sg. rel. in-cho-sig `bezeichnet (zeigt mit dem Finger)', dofa-r-siged `significatum est', ta-sc `Anzeige', consecha `züchtigt', cosc `Strafe', ēcosc `Aussehen', diuschi `weckt, treibt an'; MIr ar-secha `he should see us'; Cymr cosp `Strafe'

Russ. meaning: видеть, замечать

References: WP II 477 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *sixwan-, *si(g)wní-z, *si(g)wnia-

Meaning: see

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: sɛhʷan st. `see'; siun-s f. (i) `form, face, contenance'; *ana-siun-s `visible'

Old Norse: sjā (ält. sēa) st. `sehen'; -sjā f. `das Sehen, Sicht'; sǖn f. `Gesicht, Blick, Aussehen; Sonne (poet.)'; sjōn f. `Blick; Auge'; sǖn-n `sichtbar, gewiss; gleich, sehend', sǟi 2

Norwegian: sjɔ vb.; sün adj., sbs.; sjon

Old Swedish: sün adj.

Swedish: se vb.; sün sbs.

Old Danish: siun

Danish: se vb.; sün sbs.

Old English: sēon `sehen', sīen `Aussehen {Sehvermögen, Auge}'; seo m. `Pupille'

English: see

Old Frisian: siā(n) vb.; siōne, siūne

Old Saxon: sehan `sehen', siun `{Sehvermögen,} Auge'; seha `Pupille'

Middle Dutch: sien vb.; sune n., siene f., n.

Dutch: zien vb.

Old Franconian: sīa `Pupille'

Middle Low German: sēn vb.

Old High German: sehan (8.Jh.) `sehen'; {seha `Pupille'}; gisiuni 'Anblick, Erscheinung, Aussehen' (8.Jh.)

Middle High German: sëhen, sēn st. 'sehen, erblicken'; { sooune }

German: sehen

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *šVḳV

Meaning: to see, know

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *sekʷ- ( + *sāg(')- 2375) (also *sekʷ- 'speak, talk'?)

Altaic: *si̯ā́k`à (cf. also *sígá 1992)

Uralic: *šoke

Eskimo-Aleut: *cǝɣa-ʁ-

Comments: a) PIE *sekʷ- 'see, notice' : PA *sek`u 'preserve, be aware' : Es *ciqǝ-ʁ- 'remember' ? + Ur. *šakkE 'hide' b) PA *si̯ā́k`à 'think, worry' : PIE *sāg- 'to notice, trace' + Ur. *šoke

References: ND 2030 *Saħk[a] 'to search, find, know' (IE *sāg- + Alt. *sèk`u); 2152 *šoḲ[U] 'to say' (IE *sekʷ- + Ur. + incorr. Turk.; for those forms cf. also *C̣VḳV); 2191 *ŝEḲU 'to look at, watch, see' (IE *sekʷ- + Alt. *siga + Sem.).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *si̯ā́k`à

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to think, worry

Russian meaning: думать, волноваться

Turkic: *siāk-

Mongolian: *sege-, *seke-

Tungus-Manchu: *siaK-

Korean: *skắi-

Japanese: *sákà-

Comments: Мудрак Дисс. 195. Cf. *sèk`u. The variant with *-g- in Mong. is obviously assimilative.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *siāk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to think, contemplate, worry 2 to miss 3 intelligence 4 thought, worry 5 to read 6 to remember 7 mourning, sad remembrance

Russian meaning: 1 думать, размышлять, грустить 2 скучать 3 разум 4 мысль, волнение 5 читать 6 помнить 7 оплакивание, печальное воспоминание

Old Turkic: saq- 1, saqɨš 4 (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: saq-, saɣɨn- 1, saqɨš 4 (MK)

Turkish: saɣɨ 7

Tatar: saɣɨ 4, saɣɨn- 2

Middle Turkic: saɣɨn- (Буд.) 2, saɣɨ (Pav. C.) 1

Uzbek: sɔɣin- 2

Uighur: seɣin- 2

Turkmen: sāGɨn- 2

Khakassian: saɣɨn- 2

Chuvash: šoɣъš 4

Yakut: āx- 5, aɣɨn- 2, 6

Dolgan: āk- 5, agɨn- 2, 6

Tuva: saɣɨn- 2, 6, saɣɨš 3

Kirghiz: saɣɨn- 2

Kazakh: saɣɨn- 2

Noghai: saɣɨn- 2

Bashkir: haɣɨn- 2

Karaim: saɣɨn- 1, 2

Karakalpak: saɣɨn- 1, 2

Kumyk: saɣɨn- 2

Comments: Мудрак 113-114, VEWT 395, EDT 813, Федотов 2, 464, Stachowski 28, 41 (confused with *sạk-, from which it is often really hard to distinguish), ЭСТЯ 7. Voicing of medial -k- is regular after a long vowel (but it is somewhat strange in MK's text - note also its absence in saqɨš).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *sege-, *seke-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to recover (one's senses) 2 intelligence

Russian meaning: 1 приходить в себя 2 разум, сознание

Written Mongolian: seke(ge)- 1, segeɣe 2 (L 681, 685: seke, sege, sekege, segege)

Khalkha: sexe- 1, sexē, segē 2

Buriat: hegēr- 1, hegē(n) 2

Kalmuck: segɛ̄n 2

Ordos: segē 2

Dagur: sekēn (Тод. Даг. 162) 2 (MGCD segē)

Comments: KW 321, MGCD 602.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *siaK-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to speak within oneself 2 to respond, call back

Russian meaning: 1 говорить про себя 2 отзываться

Evenki: sikine- 1 (Nep.)

Oroch: sijau- 2

Udighe: sieu- 2

Comments: ТМС 2, 80, 81.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *skắi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to awake

Russian meaning: просыпаться

Modern Korean: k:ǟ-

Middle Korean: skắi-

Comments: Nam 29, KED 68.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *sákà-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: clever, intelligent

Russian meaning: умный, мудрый

Old Japanese: saka-si

Middle Japanese: sákà-si

Tokyo: sakashí-

Kyoto: sákáshì-

Kagoshima: sakáshi-

Comments: JLTT 839. RJ and Kagoshima point to high tone, while Tokyo is aberrant.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1640

Proto: *šoke

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to say, speak

German meaning: sagen, sprechen

Finnish: hoke- 'wiederholen, etwas wiederkäuen; munkeln; plappern, schwatzen, reden, sprechen, erzählen' ( > Saam. N hoakkâ- -g- 'to hint that one wants to do something') ?

Estonian: ogeda- (dial.) 'lehren, einen guten Rat geben' ?

Udmurt (Votyak): šu- (S K), šu̇- (K), šuị̑-, šu̇ị̑- (G) 'sagen; sprechen; nennen, heißen; meinen, glauben, denken' ?

Komi (Zyrian): šu- (S), šuv- (P), šu^.- (PO) 'sagen, nennen, sprechen, reden' ?

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *cǝɣa-ʁ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to see, to look, to open eyes

Russian meaning: смтореть, видеть, открыть глаза

Proto-Yupik: *cǝɣa-ʁ- (> *cǝʁa-ʁ-)

Comments: Cf. Proto-Inupik caɣ-viГ- 'to become visible'.

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *cǝɣa-ʁ- (> *cǝʁa-ʁ-)

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to see, to look 1, to open eyes 2, to wake up 3

Russian Meaning: видеть, смотреть 1, открывать глаза 2, просыпаться 3

Sirenik: [ǝskǝ́cǝqǝχtǝχ; ǝ̆skásta 'viewer, onlooker', ǝ̆skǝ́cǝχ (3sg. aor.) 2]

Chaplino: sχáʁaqā (sχáɫǝq dvn. 'view') 1, sχáʁaquq 2

Naukan: ǝsχáqa 1, ǝsχáquq 1, 2

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: ǝs(x)aʁ- 3

Chugach (AAY): KP ǝssama- 'to be awake'

Central Alaskan Yupik: sǝxxaʁ-, cǝxxaʁ- 3, 'to become wide awake, more active'

Nunivak (Peripheral): ǝsxaʁ- 3

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 97

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVKV

Meaning : to see, know

Eurasiatic : *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)

Afroasiatic : Sem. *škħ- 'find', ECush. *sag-/*sog- 'predict'; Sem. *ŝkw/y 'look, expect'

Sino-Caucasian : *ćV[q]V ( ~ ć̣-, č-, č̣-) ?

Austric : PAA *sa:k / *cɔ:k 'look for', Tai zak, Lao sok 'ask'

African (misc.) : Bantu *-càk- 'search for, desire'.

Notes : Here Ain. siki 'eye'? In SC cf. also PST *sɨāk 'search, demand'.

Reference : ND 2030, 2191.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ćV[q]V ( ~ ć̣-, č-, č̣-)

Meaning: to tell, tale ?

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Yenisseian: *saga-

Burushaski: *ćáɣa

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *saga-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to say, speak

Ket: sagabet́ (Castr.), praet. sagōrabet́, imp. sagarget́ (Werner 2, 156: sáɣa-bet, North. sáɣa-vet 'to say')

Yug: sága-bɛ:^ht́ (Werner 2, 156)

Kottish: ćagar "speaking"; d́aćagaraŋ "to speak", praet. alaćagaraŋ, imp. alćagar, pass. alāćagar

Comments: ССЕ 269. Werner 2, 156.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ćáɣa

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: tale, story

Hunza: ćáɣa

Nagar: ćáɣa

Comments: Sh. ćága

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *CVk

Meaning: to look for, ask

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *sa:k / *cɔ:k

Austroasiatic meaning: look for

Proto-Thai: zak to ask; Lao sok ?

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *sa:k / *cɔ:k

Meaning: look for

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: zak to ask; Lao sok ?

Proto-Katuic: EK *cek I?

Khmer: sa:k < OK sa:k

Proto-Palaungic: Pr sɔk

Proto-Khmu: *sɔ:k

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *cek

Meaning: look for, seek

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-East Katuic: *cek

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *cek

Meaning: look for, seek

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Taojh: cek.T

Taojh meaning: look for (PT-203)

Katu dialects (1): cik cɛk

Katu dialects (3): cʌk

Katu meaning: look for, seek

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: sa:k

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: sa:k

Old Khmer Meaning: to try, try out; to breed plants

References: P491

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