Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *tūk-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to beat

Old Greek: tǘko-s (/ tǘkho-s) m. `Gerät zum Bearbeiten der Steine, Schmiedehammer, Steinaxt; Streitaxt', éu̯-tüko- (/ -kh-) `bereit, fertig', tükánǟ f. `Dreschvorrichtung, Dreschflegel'

Slavic: *tъkā́tī, *tъknǭtī, *tūkātī (sculpere), *jьz-tūkānъ

Baltic: *tū̂k-ī̂- (2) vb., *tū̂k-ā̂- vb.

Germanic: *ɵū́x-a-/*ɵíux-a- vb.

Celtic: ? *tull- > OIr toll `hohl', toll `Hohle, Loch'; Cymr twll `foramen', adj. `perforatus', Bret toull `Loch'

Russ. meaning: бить

References: WP II 615 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *tū̂k-ī̂- (2) vb., *tū̂k-ā̂- vb.

Meaning: to knead, press

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lettish: tũkât, tûkât (-ãju) 'drücken, kneten, stossen'; tûcît (tûku/tûcu/tûcĩju, tûcĩju) 'kneten, knutschen, drücken usw.'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *ɵū́xan-/*ɵíuxan-

Meaning: press

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old English: ɵǖn, ɵēon `drücken, belästigen, stossen, stechen, grohen'

Middle Dutch: duwen, douwen `duwen, drukken, dringen'

Dutch: duwen (< westvlam.)

Old High German: { dūhen `drücken, niederdrücken' }

Middle High German: diuhen, tiuhen, dūhen, douhen wk. 'drücken, schieben, ein-, niederdrücken'

German: { dial. deuhen, dauhen }

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṭoḳV

Meaning: beat

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *teuk-

Altaic: *t`ók`ù ( ~ -k-)

Uralic: *tukV (*tuɣV) (cf. also *tokka )

Kartvelian: Georg. (da-)ṭaḳan- 'an/zusammenstoßen, zusammenprallen, angreifen'

Dravidian: *tōɣ-

Comments: [Cf. also PIE *tek's-, PK *ṭḳeć- 1096; PA *tŭ̀gì 'to pound', PIE *dheug'h- `to beat, hit'; Drav. *tāk- 'to touch, hit'; Ur. tekV 'stossen' 1059, tokka 'stechen, stecken' 1668; NDr *tuk 'push']

References: Bomhard 1966, 157; ND 2335 *ṭäka 'to attack' (Georg. + differ. Alt. + Drav. *tāk- + Sem.); 2349 *ṭ[ü]Ḳa 'to thrust, stab' (IE *teuk-, Ur. *tokka-, *tekV, Alt. *t`ĭ́[k`]ù 'stuff into, press into' + Ndr *tuk-). Obviously several roots, but hard to sort out.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *t`ók`ù ( ~ -k-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to hit, knock, beat

Russian meaning: бить, стучать, ударять

Turkic: *tokɨ-

Mongolian: *togsi-

Tungus-Manchu: *tokta-

Korean: *thí-

Japanese: *túk-

Comments: KW 398. There may have existed an expressive variant with *t- (cf. some Turkic forms, Mong. doki-ɣur 'drumstick', doki- 'to hit, knock down' (KW 93), Evk. (May.) dokto- 'to hit, chop'); see Дыбо 13. The root is of course expressive (see TMN 2, 460), but seems reconstructable for PA, and distinguishable from *tŭ̀gì 'to pound'.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *tokɨ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to hit, knock, strike 2 mallet

Russian meaning: 1 бить, ударять 2 молот 3 трогать, касаться

Old Turkic: toqɨ- 1 (Orkh., OUygh.), toqɨmaq 2 (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: toqɨ- 1 (MK, KB), toqɨmaq 2 (MK, IM)

Turkish: tokuš- 1, doku- 1 (dial.), dokun- 3, tokmak 2

Tatar: tuqɨ- 1, tuqɨn- 3, tuqmaq 2

Middle Turkic: toqun- 3 (Pav. C.), toqmaq 2 (Sangl.)

Uzbek: tọqin- 3, tọqmɔq

Uighur: toqun- 3

Azerbaidzhan: toGGuš- 1, toxun- 3, toχmaG 2

Turkmen: toqmaq 2

Khakassian: toɣas- 'to hit upon > meet', toxpax 2

Shor: toɣaš- 'to meet'

Oyrat: toqul-da- 1, toqpoq 2

Halaj: toqu- 1, toqun- 3, toqmaq 2

Tuva: toqqu-la- 1, tonur- 3 (< dhon-ur-), doqpaq 2

Kirghiz: toqmoq 2

Kazakh: toqɨl-da- 1, toqpaq 2

Noghai: toqpaq 2

Bashkir: tuqɨlda- 1, tuqmaq 2

Balkar: toqmaq 2

Gagauz: doqun- 3, toqmaq 2

Karaim: toqɨš- 'to clink (glasses)', toqɨn- 3, toqmaq 2

Karakalpak: toqɨlda- 1, toqpaq 2

Salar: toxmax 2 (ССЯ)

Kumyk: toqala- 1, toqmaq 2

Comments: VEWT 484-485, TMN 2, 629, EDT 467, 470, ЭСТЯ 3, 253-254, 256-257. The variants with *d- may be archaic, see below.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *togsi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to strike, beat

Russian meaning: бить, ударять

Written Mongolian: toɣsi- (L 814)

Khalkha: togši-

Buriat: togšo-

Kalmuck: tokšǝ-

Dagur: tokšōr 'hammer' (Тод. Даг. 167)

Comments: KW 398.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *tokta-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to hit, knock 2 to chop 3 sound of knocking

Russian meaning: 1 колотить 2 рубить 3 стук

Evenki: tokto- 1,2

Even: towta- 1,2

Negidal: tokto- 2

Literary Manchu: toq seme 3

Ulcha: tụqtụri- 1

Nanai: tokto- 2

Oroch: tokto- 1

Udighe: tokto- 1

Comments: ТМС 2, 193.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *thí-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to hit, strike, beat

Russian meaning: бить, ударять

Modern Korean: čhi-

Middle Korean: thí-

Comments: Nam 460, KED 1654.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *túk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to hit, strike, beat

Russian meaning: бить, колотить, ударять

Old Japanese: tuk-

Middle Japanese: túk-

Tokyo: tsùk-

Kyoto: tsúk-

Kagoshima: tsúk-

Comments: Homonymous with *túk- 'to poke, thrust', but written differently and probably different etymologically.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1676

Proto: *tukV (*tuɣV)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to break

German meaning: brechen

Mari (Cheremis): tuɣe- (V U B M P) 'brechen'

Udmurt (Votyak): tijal- (S G) 'brechen, abbrechen', tijalt- (S K) 'abbrechen, entzweibrechen'

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *tōɣ-

Meaning : to kick, stamp

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *tōɣ-/*tUɣ-ai-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *toɣ-

Proto-North Dravidian : *tōk-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *tōɣ-/*tUɣ-ai-

Meaning : to tread; to pound, beat

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : tukai (-pp-, -tt-)

Tamil meaning : to tread down, trample on, bruise or destroy by treading, pound in a mortar, mash, vex; roam about, walk

Tamil derivates : tuvai (-pp-, -tt-) to tread down, pound as in a mortar; n. treading, pounding

Kannada : tōku

Kannada meaning : to beat, strike

Tulu : toipuni

Tulu meaning : to beat, strike

Tulu derivates : tōku collision

Proto-Nilgiri : *tōt- (?)

Notes : The Kota form does not necessarily belong here.

Number in DED : 3539

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *tōt-

Meaning : to beat slightly

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : tōt- (tōty-)

Number in DED : 3539

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *toɣ-

Meaning : to kick

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *tog-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *tōɣ-

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *tog-

Meaning : to tread, trample

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : tog- (tokt-) "to tread, step on"

Manda : tug- (tukt-) "to trample"

Number in DED : 3539

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *tōɣ-

Meaning : to kick

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : tōga (tōgi-) "to kick; n. a kick"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : toiyali

Kuwi (Schulze) : toyinai "to spurn"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : toy-

Dongriya Kuwi : doy- (-it-) "to tread on, trample"

Kuwi (Israel) : doy- (-it-) "to kick, step on"

Notes : Initial d- in Kuwi_D and Kuwi_Isr is probably assimilated to the voiced *-ɣ-; however, this cannot be proved, since this is the only example, and no other consonants show any traces of such a voicening.

Number in DED : 3539

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *tōk-

Meaning : to stamp violently with one foot or with both feet (as in jatra dance)

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : tōknā

Number in DED : 3539

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVKV

Meaning : beat

Eurasiatic : *ṭoḳV

Afroasiatic : *tuk- (+ *dak-/duk- 800, *daḳ-/*duḳ- 827, *tuḳ- 831, *dug- 832, *tug- 860)

Sino-Caucasian : ST *tōk 948, *thŏk 1053

Austric : *TVk

Amerind (misc.) : *tika 'hit' (R 372) [+ A]; *tok 'hit' (R 373) [+ A]

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tuk-

Meaning: beat, press

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *tuk-'press' 1, 'cut, destroy' 2

Berber: *tVk- 'knock'

Western Chadic: *taku- 'trample' 1, 'push' 2, 'step on' 3, 'beat' 4

Central Chadic: *tukwa- 'clap'

Saho-Afar: *tak-/*tok- 'strike'

Omotic: *tuk- 'hit, strike'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 504

Proto-Semitic: *tuk-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'press' 1, 'cut, destroy' 2

Akkadian: takāku 1

Arabic: tkk [-u-] 2

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *tVk-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'knock'

Ahaggar (Tahaggart): tǝk-ǝt

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *taku-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 1 'trample',2 'push',3 'press on',4'beat'

Hausa: tā́kà 1

Ngamo: tako 4 [??]

Bokos: tuk 2 [JgR]

Daffo-Butura: tuk 2 [JgR]

Ngizim: tàk-ḍú 3, 1 [ShN]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *tukwa-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'beat, strike'1, 'nail' 2, 'kill' 3, 'quoin' (v.) 4

Mofu-Gudur: -́tǝk- 2 [BMof]

Gisiga: tukwa- 1 [LGis]

Mulwi: túkí 4 [TMlw]

Logone: tku 1 [LLog]

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *tak-/*tok-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'strike'

Afar (Danakil): tak-, -ootok-

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *tuk-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hit, strike'

Kafa (Kaficho): tuk-

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *TVk

Meaning: to beat

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *Tɔ:k (also *tuk)

Austroasiatic meaning: beat

Proto-Thai: to:k to hammer into

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *tuk

Meaning: beat

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Khmer: ṭuk CHECK

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