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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *ghazdh-
Meaning: pointed stick
Celtic: MIr gat `Weidenrute', trisgataim `durchbohre'
Russ. meaning: палка (острая)
References: WP I 541
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-slav,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: жердь
Near etymology: ж., народн. же́редь (Шахматов, ИОРЯС 7, 1, 300), также жерздь, тверск. (См.), укр. же́рдка, блр. жердзь, ст.-слав. жрьдь δόρυ (Супр.), болг. диал. жерт' "планка" (Младенов 166; AfslPh 33, 14), словен. žȓd, род. žrdȋ, чеш. žerd', слвц. žrd', польск. żerdź, в.-луж. žerdź, н.-луж. žerź. Фин. hirsi "бревно", эст. hirś "жердь в изгороди" заимств. из др.-русск. жьрдь (Миккола, Berühr. 114 и сл.; Сетэлэ, YÄН 304). Связано чередованием гласных с го́род (см.). Невероятно родство с д.-в.-н. gerta "прут", ср.-в.-н. gerte, д.-в.-н. gart "колючка, шип, рычаг" (вопреки Уленбеку РВВ 19, 520), Цупице (GG 173), Младенову (166), AfslPh (33, 14)), которые нельзя отделять от гот. gazds "колючка", лат. hasta; см. Вальде -- Гофм. 1, 636. Сюда же, с рефлексом др. задненёбного, относится зоро́д, озоро́д.
Pages: 2,47
vasmer-general,vasmer-pages,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *gazda-z
Meaning: sting
Gothic: gazd-s (a) `sting from goad'
Old Norse: gadd-r m. `Stachel, Spitze'
Norwegian: dial. gadd `Spitze, Stachel'
Swedish: dial. gadd `Spitze, Stachel'
Old Danish: gad `Stachelstock'
Danish: dial. gad, gaj `Haken zum Fischfang'
Old English: { segel-gerd `antenna'; gierd }
English: goad
Old Frisian: ierde
Old Saxon: fiur-gard `Feuergabel'; segal-gerd m., segal-gerda f. `sail-yard'
Middle Low German: gart m. `tak, roede, prikkel'
Old High German: gart (um 800) `Stachel, Treibstecken'; gardea, garti, gerta st./wk. f. `rod, twig'; segal-gerdun `antenne'
Middle High German: gart st. m. `Stachel, Treibstecken'
German: frühnhd. Gart `Stachel, Treibstecken'
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-odan,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-ofris,germet-osax,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ḳwVncwV
Meaning: scrape, scraper
References: ND 907 *küńč̣E ~ -č- '(finger)nail, claw' (w/o Kartv. and Drav. + very questionnable SH); partially - 1003 *ḳa[ĉ]U 'to scratch, scrape off scales'. A terrible confusion of *ḳwVncV, *ḳVšV, *ḳVǯV and *ḳVcV... Also cf. ND 1090 *ḳUn̄č̣V 'to scratch, wound' (quite dub. IE + Arab. knδ̣- 'grieve' - but also Georg. ḳeč̣n- 'streifen, ritzen' and Ur. *končV ~ *kočV 'Striche ziehen, zeichnen' (348)). Cf. Austric: PAN *kuSkus 'scrape', PAA *kɔ:c 'sharpen, scratch'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ùčù
Meaning: to scrape; claw, sharp stick
Russian meaning: скрести;коготь, острая палочка
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *Kɨč-
Meaning: to scratch, scrape; to itch
Russian meaning: скрести, царапать; чесаться
Tatar: qɨčɨ-
Middle Turkic: qɨč-
Uzbek: qiči-
Uighur: qiči-
Khakassian: xɨčɨ-
Oyrat: qɨčɨ-
Chuvash: kǝźǝ 'чесотка'
Yakut: kɨhɨj-; kɨhɨax 'scraper'
Dolgan: kɨhɨak 'scraper'
Tuva: kiǯi-
Kirghiz: qɨčɨš-
Kazakh: qɨšɨ-
Noghai: qɨšɨ-
Bashkir: qɨsɨ-
Karakalpak: qɨšɨ-
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-klpx,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *kučil-
Meaning: to scrape with fingers
Russian meaning: царапать пальцами
Written Mongolian: qučil-
Kalmuck: xučl-
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-kal,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xosī-kta
Meaning: 1 to scrape 2 claw, finger-nail
Russian meaning: 1 царапать, скрести 2 ноготь, коготь
Evenki: osī- 1, osīkta 2
Even: osị- 1, ostъ̣ 2
Negidal: osị̄- 1, ōtta 2
Spoken Manchu: wasǝqǝlǝm, wasǝqulu- 'to scratch, to claw' (1574)
Literary Manchu: wasixa 2
Ulcha: χosị- 1, χosta 2
Orok: χosị- 1, χosịqta 2
Nanai: χosaqala- 1, χosaqta 2
Oroch: xosi- 1
Udighe: wahi- (Корм. 218) 1, wai-li- 1, waikta, wahikta 2 Solon: oš́ī- 1, ụš́īkta 2
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *koč
Meaning: 1 spit, skewer; awl, gimlet 2 to stick in
Russian meaning: 1 вертел; шило 2 втыкать
Modern Korean: kot [kos], k:oǯi 1, k:ot- [k:oč-] 2
Middle Korean: koč 1, kòč- 2
Comments: Nam 54, KED 164, 174. The accent of the noun is unknown; the verbal stem has a usual low tone. koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kùsì
Meaning: spit, skewer; comb
Russian meaning: вертел
Old Japanese: kusi
Middle Japanese: kùsì
Tokyo: kushí
Kyoto: kúshì
Kagoshima: kushí
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 311
Proto: *kinče (*künče) ( ~ ? *kiče (*küče))
English meaning: nail, fingernail, claw
German meaning: Nagel, Klaue
Finnish: kynsi (kynte-, gen. kynnen) 'Nagel, Klaue, Kralle; Zinke, Zacke'
Estonian: küüs (gen. küüne)
Saam (Lapp): gâʒ'ʒa -ʒʒ- (N) 'nail; claw', kaddsa (L), kanc (T), kønc (Kld.), køcc (Not.) 'Klaue, Nagel'
Mordovian: kenže (E), keńžä (M) 'Klaue, Nagel, Huf'
Mari (Cheremis): kǝč (KB), küć (U), küč (B)
Udmurt (Votyak): gi̮ži̮ (S), gǝ̑žǝ̑ (K) 'Nagel, Kralle', gižị̑ (G) 'Nagel, Klaue'
Komi (Zyrian): gi̮ž (SP) 'Nagel (an Fingern, Zehen), Klaue, Kralle', gøž (PO)
Khanty (Ostyak): kö̆ṇč (V), kŏṇč (DN), kus (O) 'Nagel, Klaue'
Mansi (Vogul): künš (TJ), koäš (KU), käš (P), kos (So.)
Nenets (Yurak): χada (O) 'Nagel, Kralle'
Enets (Yen): kóra (Ch.), kóda (B) 'Nagel'
Nganasan (Tawgi): kátu
Selkup: k͔atэ (Ta.), kattэ (Ke.), k͔aače, k͔aačê (Ča.), k͔ad, kăd(a) (N), k'ačэ, k͔aače (Ča. OO), qati̮ (Tur.) 'Nagel, Kralle'
Kamass: kada 'Nagel, Huf, Klaue'
Sammalahti's version: FU *künči
Addenda: Koib. koda 'Nagel'; Mot. kada-m; Karag. ха́дада
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-saa,uralet-mrd,uralet-mar,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-nen,uralet-enc,uralet-nga,uralet-slk,uralet-kam,uralet-samm2,uralet-add,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳwerćx-
Russian meaning: дpобить(ся)
English meaning: to split
Georgian: ḳwercx-
Georgian meaning (Rus.): нагpомождаться; ḳwercx- 'яйцо' (?); na-ḳwercx-al- 'искра'
Georgian meaning (Engl.): to pile up; ḳwercx- 'egg' (?), na-ḳwercx-al- 'spark'
Megrel: ḳančx- 'дробиться'; na-ḳwačx-ir-
Megrel meaning (Rus.): горящая головня
Megrel meaning (Eng.): fire-brand
Laz: ḳwančx-
Laz meaning (Rus.): дpобить(ся), кpошить; no-ḳančχ-ul-e 'горящая головня'
Laz meaning (Eng.): to split, crumble; no-ḳančχ-ul-e 'fire-brand'
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 111, 145-146, EWK 199. Не исключена реконструкция *ḳwenčx- и контаминация двух исконных корней: a) *ḳwenčx- 'дробить' (ср. алт. *k`iuču 'скрести, острый колышек', ТМ *xosi-kta; ПИЕ *gʷozdh- ( < *kʷozdh-)); b) *ḳwenčx- 'искра, горящая головня' (ср. ТМ *xōsi-kta < алт. *k`UčV 'звезда', урал. *kVnśV 'звезда', ПИЕ *gʷoizdh- ( < *kʷoizdh-) 'звезда'.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-grmean,kartet-egrmean,kartet-meg,kartet-mgmean,kartet-emgmean,kartet-laz,kartet-lzmean,kartet-elzmean,kartet-notes,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *kaǯǯ-
Meaning : 1 scab, itch 2 to scratch
Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kaǯ- Proto-North Dravidian : *qās- Notes : Interesting metathese of voice (?) in PGn. Vowel length in PNDR unclear.
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-ndr,dravet-notes,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *kaǯǯ-
Meaning : itch
Kannada : kajji, gajji
Kannada meaning : scab, itch
Kannada derivates : (Hav.) kajju itch
Kodagu : kajji
Kodagu meaning : itch
Tulu : gajji
Tulu meaning : itch, scab
Notes : Assimilation in Kannada and Tulu.
Number in DED : 1104
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-notes,sdret-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *gaǯǯ-/*kas-
Meaning : itch, scab
Telugu : gajji
Additional forms : Also kasi itching, desire; kasimiri itching
Number in DED : 1104
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kaǯ-
Meaning : itch
Naiki : khaj
Parji : kajra
Number in DED : 1104
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-naiki,kogaet-parji,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *gac- (?)
Meaning : itch
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-kon,gndet-kui,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *gaǯ-i
Meaning : itch
Maria Gondi : gajji
Seoni Gondi : gajji
Koya Gondi : gajju
Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : gajji
Maria Gondi (Smith) : kusee
Number in DED : 1104
Number in CVOTGD : 1019
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_ma,gonet-gondi_s,gonet-gondi_ko,gonet-gondi_m,gonet-gondi_lu_s,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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Konda etymology :
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Konda : gazi
Meaning: (BB) itch
Number in DED : 1104
konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-dednum,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kac-
Meaning : the itch
Kui : kasa
Number in DED : 1104
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kui,kuiet-dednum,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *qās-
Meaning : to scratch for relief
Kurukh : xā̃snā
Additional forms : Also KUR xā̃srnā to scratch oneself
Number in DED : 1104
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-addition,ndret-dednum,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVNCV
Meaning : scrape, scraper
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gu/iĉ- (?)
Meaning: fingernail
Notes: Scarce data.
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-omo,afaset-notes,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *giŝ-
Meaning: 'fingernail' 1, 'claw' 2
Gude: gíŝá 1 [Hs]
Zime-Batna: ngìŝé 2 [Sa]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-gde,cchet-zbt,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *gus/ĉ-
Meaning: 'fingernail'
Kabalai: gùsǝ̀ mà/n [Cp]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-kbl,
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Omotic etymology :
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Proto-Omotic: *guš-
Meaning: 'fingernail, claw'
Dime: guš
Ari: gǝšaa
Karo: gušo
omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-dim,omoet-ari,omoet-kar,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *kwVnč̣V
Meaning: paw, finger
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-basq,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *kwănVč̣ĕ
Meaning: paw; knee
Notes: Correspondences are regular - except for some shifts of laryngeal features, usual for roots with two stops (secondary is the glottalisation *k- > ḳ- in PTs and the voicing *k- > g- in PWC).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *ḳač ( ~ -ā-)
Meaning: foot, leg (a slighting expression)
Batsbi: ḳač
Comments: Isolated in Bacb., but having good external parallels.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *kʷač̣V
Meaning: paw
Avar: kʷač̣
Chadakolob: kʷač̣
Andian language: kʷač̣a
Akhvakh: kʷač̣i
Karata: kʷač̣a
Comments: Av. paradigm C (kʷač̣í-l, kʷáč̣a-l). Cf. also Kar. Tok. kʷač̣i, koč̣i id. Av. kʷač̣ > Arch. kʷač̣ id.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-krt,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *ḳɔ(n)č̣u A
Meaning: 1 leg,shin 2 distance between thumb and forefinger
Tsezi: ḳonč̣u 1
Ginukh: ḳonc̣u 1
Khvarshi: ḳonč̣u (Radzhibov)
Gunzib: ḳɔč̣u 2
Comments: PTsKh *ḳonč̣u. The MSU Gunz. recording has nasalisation: ḳɔ̃č̣u. The original meaning, as seen from the external evidence, was "paw"; this explains the semantic difference between PTsKh and Gunz. Rather strange is the Bezht. (Tlad.) form ä̃č̣, which is identical to Gunz. ḳɔ̃č̣u in meaning, but has for some reason lost ḳ-.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *kʷač̣a
Meaning: paw
Akusha: kač̣a
Comments: Cf. also Ur. kʷač̣, Kait. kʷač̣a etc.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *kʷanč̣(a)
Meaning: paw
Rutul: kʷanč̣
Comment: Obl. base kʷanč̣ä-. Isolated within Lezghian, but having reliable external parallels.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-rut,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *gʷan(ǝ)ž́a
Meaning: knee
Adyghe: ʎa-gwānǯa
Kabardian: ʎa-gwāźa
Comments: PAK *ʎa-gʷa(n)žá (*ʎa 'foot, leg' q.v.). It is hardly possible (for semantic reasons) to compare the AK form with Ub. ǵanć̣á 'handle' (see Shagirov 1977, 249).
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-comment,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *hac, *be=hac
Meaning: 1 finger 2 fingernail 3 toe 4 hoof 5 thumb 6 inch 7 paw
Bizkaian: atz 1, 6; beatz, biatz 3, atzazal, atzazkol, atzoskol 2
Gipuzkoan: azkazal, azkazkal 4, beatz, biatz 1, 5, beatzal, beatzazal 2
High Navarrese: azkazal 4, beatz, biatz 1, 5
Low Navarrese: hatz 7, behatz 1, 5, (Aldude) bihatz 1, 5
Salazarese: atz 7
Lapurdian: hatz 7, 8, behatz 2, (Ainhoa) behatz 2, 5
Baztanese: beatz-andi 5
Zuberoan: hatz 7, behatz 1, 5, ehi-behatz 5, azazkǘlü, azüzkülü 2
Roncalese: atz 7
Comments: Only some of the many derivates of this prolific root are listed. The homonyms *hac 'track, footprint' and *hac 'breed, race' are separate etyma: see *hace 'back part' and *hasi 'grow', respectively.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-bzt,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *kUʔc
Meaning: scrape
Proto-Austroasiatic: *kɔ:c Austroasiatic meaning: sharpen, scratch
Proto-Austronesian: *kuSkus
Austronesian meaning: scrape
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *kɔ:c
Meaning: sharpen, scratch
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kat,aaet-bah,aaet-vim,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *kɔ:c
Meaning: to sharpen
Presyllable: rǝ- / #
References: TK16.496
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-wkat,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,
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West Katuic etymology :
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Proto-West Katuic: *kɔ:c
Meaning: to sharpen
Presyllable: rǝ- / #
Bru Van Keu: kɔ:jʔ
Bru Van Keu meaning: to sharpen a point
So: rakâ:c.N
So meaning: to be pointed
wkatet-meaning,wkatet-wpre,wkatet-prnum,wkatet-vkv,wkatet-vkvme,wkatet-so,wkatet-some,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *kɔ:c
Meaning: to sharpen
Presyllable: #
Pakoh: kɔ:jʔ
Pakoh meaning: to carve, sharpen
Lao Katu: kɔ:c
Lao Katu meaning: to scrape (wood)
Ngeq: kɔ:c
Ngeq meaning: to strip, split down (bamboo for mats)
Kri: kɔ:c
Chatong: kɔ:c
Katu dialects (1): kâ:c
Katu dialects (4): kâ:c
Katu meaning: to carve
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-pak,ekatet-pakme,ekatet-lka,ekatet-lkame,ekatet-nge,ekatet-ngeme,ekatet-kr,ekatet-ct,ekatet-and,ekatet-kph,ekatet-katme,
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Bahnar etymology :
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Proto-Bahnaric: *kɔ:c
Meaning: scratch
Bahnar: kɔ:c
Bahnar meaning: to shred
Proto-South Bahnaric: *kɔ:c References: SBS-403
banet-meaning,banet-prnum,banet-bah,banet-bahme,banet-sob,banet-refer,
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South Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-South Bahnaric: *kɔ:c
Meaning: scratch
Stieng form: kɔ:c, khɔ:c
Stieng meaning: to scratch
References: SBS-403
sobet-meaning,sobet-prnum,sobet-sti,sobet-stime,sobet-refer,
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Viet-Muong etymology :
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Proto-Viet-Muong:
Meaning: cut out, shape
Vietnamese: gọt
Vietnamese meaning: peel with knife, sharpen, cut, shave (PH), Vinh khót
Ruc (Ferlus' rec.): kɔ:c.5
Ruc meaning: to sharpen
Thavung-So: ʔakhɔ:t.C.1
Thavung-So meaning: to smooth, trim, sharpen
Notes: F-97: *t-kɔ:c; cf. Thai
References: NTF91; TC78
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-viet,vimet-vietme,vimet-rntf,vimet-rucme,vimet-so,vimet-some,vimet-note,vimet-bib,
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