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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1386
Root: neu̯os, -i̯os
English meaning: new
German meaning: `neu'
Material: Ai. náva-, av. nava- `neu', Kompar. navatara- (: gr. νεώτερος), gr. νέ()ος, lat. novus, osk. Núvlanúis `Nōlānīs' (aus *Núvelā = lat. Nōla), alit. navas, apr. neuwenen bestimmter Nom. Sg. n. (*nawanjan; apr. nauns wohl nach jauns `jung'), abg. novъ `neu'; -i̯o-Form ai. návya-, ion. νει̃ος, gall. Nevio-, Novio-dūnum (`Neuen-burg'), air. nūë, cymr. newydd, abret. nouuid, neuued, bret. neuez, got. niujis, aisl. nȳr, ahd. as. niuwi, ags. nīwe, nēowe, lit. naũjas `neu'; toch. А ñu, В ñune ds., hitt. neu̯a- ds.; mit -ro-Formans gr. νε()αρός, arm. nor `neu' (*nou̯ero-), lat. nover-ca `Stiefmutter'; gr. νεάω = lat. novāre `erneuen' (davon novālis `ein Acker, der zum ersten Male oder nach einjähriger Ruhe gepflügt wird'; Formans wie in aequālis, also `junges Alter habend'); νεότης = lat. novitās `Neuheit'; Feminina mit ī- neben ā-Suffix (s. Specht Idg. Dekl.323 f.) liegen folgenden Bildungen zugrunde: lat. novīcius `neu, Neuling'; russ. novíkъ `Neuling'; gr. νέᾱξ `junger Kerl'; ksl. novakъ `Neuling'; aber νεᾱνίᾱς `Jüngling' aus νεο-αν- `junger Atmender'; νεοχμός `neu' s. oben S. 414.
References: WP. II 324, WH. II 181, Trautmann 194.
See also: Ablautend nū̆ `nun' s. dort; s. auch *e-neu̯en `neun'.
Pages: 769
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-seealso,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *new-
Meaning: new
Hittite: newa- 'neu, frisch', newahh- 'erneuern' (Friedrich 150)
Tokharian: A ñu, B ñuwe 'new' (PT *ñäwe) (Adams 269)
Old Indian: náva-, návya- `new, fresh, young'
Avestan: nava- 'neu'
Armenian: nor
Old Greek: néo-, Ion. nêi̯o- (A.R., Hsch.) `neu; jung, jugendlich, ungewöhnlich, unerhört, schlimm'
Latin: novus, -a `neu, jung'
Other Italic: Osk Núvellum `Novellum', Núvlanúís `Nōlānīs'
Celtic: Gaul Nevio-, Novio-dūnum; OIr nūe; Cymr newydd, OBret nouuid, neuued, Bret neuez
Russ. meaning: новый
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-ital,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: но́вый,
Near etymology: нов, нова́, но́во, укр. нови́й, др.-русск., ст.-слав. новъ νέος, καινός, болг. нов, сербохорв. но̑в, но̏ва, но̏во, словен. nòv, nóva, чеш., слвц. nový, польск., в.-луж., н.-луж. nоwу.
Further etymology: Родственно лит. naũjas -- то же, лтш. nàujš "стремительный, спешный", др.-прусск. nauns (по аналогии др.-прусск. *jauns, см. ю́ный,), др.-инд. návas, návyas, авест. nаvа-, греч. νέος, лат. novus, галльск. novi̯o- в Noviodūnum, др.-ирл. naue "новый", гот. niujis -- то же, д.-в.-н. niuwi, тохар. А ñu, хетт. nеwа- "новый", арм. nor, род. п. nоrоу -- то же (из *nov(e)ros); см. Траутман, ВSW 194; Арr. Sprd. 382 и сл.; М.--Э. 2, 696; Уленбек, Aind. Wb. 144; Гофман, Gr. Wb. 215; Педерсен, Kelt. Gr. 1, 55; Хюбшман 479; Вальде--Гофм. 2, 181. Существование др.-лит. *nаvаs оспаривается, вопреки Микколе (Ursl. Gr. 1, 44; см. Буга у Траутмана, там же; Френкель, KZ 57, 177).
Pages: 3,78
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *naũ-j-a-, *nau-n-a- sdj.
Meaning: new
Lithuanian: naũja-s `neu'
Old Prussian: nauns 'neu'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-oprus,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *niwja-, *niwwia-
Meaning: new
Gothic: niuji-s (ja) `new, unused; new, young'
Old Norse: nǖ-r `neu'; Run. niujila, niuwila
Norwegian: ny
Old Swedish: Run. niuhA, niuha
Swedish: ny
Danish: ny
Old English: nīwe (nēowe) `new, not yet used; new, recent, not of long standing; new, novel'
English: new
Old Frisian: nī, nīe, nīaL
Old Saxon: niuwi, nīgi
Middle Dutch: nieuwe, nūwe, nīe
Dutch: nieuw
Old Franconian: nūwi
Middle Low German: nīe, nige, nigge
Old High German: niuwi (8.Jh.) `neu, frisch, sich erneuernd, veränderlich, unbeständig, wankelmütig, nie veraltend'
Middle High German: niuwe (niwe, niu) 'neu, frisch; sich erneuend'
German: neu
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-oswed,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-ofris,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-olfrank,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *nVwV
Meaning: now; new
References: ОСНЯ 2, 97; ND 1537 *n̄ü.(E) ~ *n̄üw(E) 'now', 1573 *n̄Ew(y)V 'new', 1541 *n̄ükV 'now'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-esk,nostret-chuk,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *nébì
Meaning: new
Russian meaning: новый
Comments: SKE 172, АПиПЯЯ 110, 279. Turkic has a vowel metathesis: *jub-ga < *jab-gu. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *jub-ga
Meaning: bastard, adopted son
Russian meaning: внебрачный, приемный сын
Karakhanid: juvɣa (MK, KB) Comments: EDT 874, VEWT 209 (erroneously united with juvqa 'soft, weak'). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-krh,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *niɣu-n
Meaning: child, boy
Russian meaning: ребенок, мальчик
Written Mongolian: niɣun, nuɣun (L 580) Middle Mongolian: no'un (HY 29), nu'u(n) (SH) Khalkha: nugan, nugūn ( < WMong.)
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-dag,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *nebi
Meaning: 1 new, fresh 2 younger (brother, sister) 3 wife's brother's wife
Russian meaning: 1 новый, свежий 2 младший (брат, сестра) 3 невестка (жена брата жены)
Even: neji 1, nȫ 2
Literary Manchu: neje 3, neče 3
Ulcha: neu 2
Orok: new, neu 2
Nanai: neil 2 (plur.)
Comments: ТМС 1, 616, 617-618, 626. Cf. also *nē 'now' (ТМС 1, 614). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evn,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *nǝ̄-
Meaning: younger relative (in compounds)
Russian meaning: младший родственник (в сложениях)
Modern Korean: nǝ̄- [nǝ̄-s-] 'younger brother' (in compounds)
Middle Korean: nǝ-s-harmi 'wife of grandfather's younger brother'
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *nípí-
Meaning: new
Russian meaning: новый
Old Japanese: nipji-
Middle Japanese: nífí-
Tokyo: nìi-
Kyoto: níí-
Kagoshima: ní-ke
Nase: mī́-
Shuri: mī́-
Hateruma: nɨ̄̀-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-nas,japet-shu,japet-hat,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1444
Proto: *nikV (*nükV)
English meaning: present; now, already
German meaning: gegenwärtig; jetz, schon
Finnish: nyky- 'gegenwärtig', tätä nykyä 'gegenwärtig, vorläufig', dial. nyt, ny, nyy 'jetzt, nun'
Estonian: nüüd, dial. nüü 'jetzt'
Mordovian: ńej (E), ńi (M) 'jetzt, nun; schon'
Udmurt (Votyak): ni (S J), ńi (G) 'schon; mehr, nunmehr, weiter'
Komi (Zyrian): ńin, nin (S), ni̮n (Peč.), ńi (P) 'schon, bereits, (nicht) mehr'
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-mrd,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,
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Eskimo etymology :
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Proto-Eskimo: *nu-ta-
Meaning: new, young
Russian meaning: новый, молодой
Comments: Cf. *nuka- 'younger sibling'. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 242
esqet-prnum,esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,esqet-inup,esqet-newcom,esqet-refer,
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Yupik etymology :
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Proto-Yupik: *nuta-
Meaning: new 1, just now, right now 2
Russian Meaning: новый 1, теперь, вот сейчас 2
Sirenik: nutǝ́ʁǝcǝ́χ, nutaʁraχ [Vakh.] 1
Chaplino: nutáʁaq (t) 1, nutān 2
Naukan: nutáʁinʁaq 1, nután 2
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: nuta[ʁ]aq 1, nutān 2
Chugach (Birket-Smith): nutāq 1, nuttan 2
Central Alaskan Yupik: nutaʁaq 1, nutān 2
Nunivak (Peripheral): nutaʁaq* 1
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 242
yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-sir,yupet-chap,yupet-nauk,yupet-aay,yupet-chgm,yupet-cay,yupet-nun,yupet-ced,
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Inupik etymology :
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Proto-Inupik: *nuta-
Meaning: new 1, young person 2
Russian meaning: новый 1, молодой 2
Seward Peninsula Inupik: nutāq 1, nutaʁaq 2
SPI Dialects: Imaq nutáq* 1, W nutāq* (āk, āt) 1
North Alaskan Inupik: nutāq 1, nutaʁaq 2
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl nutāq* 1
Western Canadian Inupik: nutāq 1, nutaʁaq 'infant'
WCI Dialects: Cor, M nutāq* 1
Eastern Canadian Inupik: nutāq 1
ECI Dialects: Lab nutagak* 'infant', NBI, SB, Iti nutaʁaq 'infant'
Greenlandic Inupik: nutāq (nutâq*) 1, nutaʁaq 2
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 242, 243
inupet-prnum,inupet-meaning,inupet-rmean,inupet-spi,inupet-spis,inupet-nai,inupet-nais,inupet-wci,inupet-wcis,inupet-eci,inupet-ecis,inupet-gri,inupet-ced,
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Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *ŋin-
Meaning (Rus.): новорожденный, молодой
Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ŋin- Comments: См. ПК *ne'n- 'новый, теперь, сразу' (1392).
kamet-prnum,kamet-meaning,kamet-chuk,kamet-itel,kamet-comments,
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Chukchee-Koryak etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ŋin-
Meaning (Rus.): молодой, младший 1, мальчик, ребенок 2, молодой, небольшой 1, дешевый, малый (о цене) 3, новорожденный теленок 4, полого уходящий вверх 5
Chukchee: ŋín-, ŋín-cʔɛ-n 1, ŋín-qɛj 2, ŋenca-cákǝɣet 'младшая сестра', ~ ŋen-etǝ va-lʔǝ-n 5
Koryak: ŋin-, niŋ- 1, niŋ-vil- 3
Palan: ŋin-qaj-ujuĺhu pl. 4
Alutor: ŋiń-viĺ- 3
chuket-prnum,chuket-meaning,chuket-chu,chuket-kor,chuket-pal,chuket-alu,
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Itelmen etymology :
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Proto-Itelmen: *ŋin-: *'ini-ŋin-
Meaning (Rus.): новорожденный, подросток, побег
West Itelmen: 'inɨ-nɨn-zin 3, 'inǝ-gin-ksu-zin 4
West Itelmen meaning: nunc, statim 1, novus 2, nascens 3, planta 4
West Itelmen meaning (Polish): teraz, zaraz 1, nowy 2, rodzący się, rosnący 3, latorośl 4
Comments: Использование Дыбовским буквы "ы" = [ɨ] рядом с "н" = [n] и альтернация с "г" = [g, ɣ] указывают на велярный характер носового.
itelet-prnum,itelet-meaning,itelet-wit,itelet-witmea,itelet-witmep,itelet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : NVWV
Meaning : now; new
Afroasiatic : *ʔVnVw- 'be new; child' (Berb., Omot.)
Austric : *ne 'now' (R 519) [+ K]
Notes : Cf. *NVHV.
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-notes,globet-reference,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *hV̆nV́
Meaning: now
Comments and references : HGC 35. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *h[ä]nV
Meaning: now
Proto-West Caucasian: *nǝ- Notes: A common NC temporal adverb. We must note that in most subgroups the root can be followed by some kind of affricate (although the affricates do not correspond to each other regularly). The root is also attested in HU: Hurr. χennǝ, Ur. χenǝ 'now' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 32).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-cez,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *hin-ca / *hin-ʒa
Meaning: now
Chechen: hinca
Ingush: hanz
Batsbi: inc
Comments: Cf. also Lev., Shar., Khild. hinca id.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *hin-čV
Meaning: today
Gunzib: hinčo-d
Comments: Attested only in Gunz., but having probable external parallels.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *han-
Meaning: now
Akusha: hanna
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *hin-
Meaning: now
Agul: hin-c
Comment: Cf. perhaps also Ud. hajsa ( < *hani-sa), Tab. hamus (restructured on analogy with hamu 'this') 'now'.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-agu,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *nǝ-
Meaning: today
Adyghe: ne-pa
Kabardian: no-ba
Comments: PAK *nǝ-jap:a / *nǝ-wap:a. The element *nǝ- is present in several compounds: Kab. nǝ-ǯǝ 'now', na-ʁā-ba 'last year'; Ad. nǝ-č́apa, Kab. nǝ-žaba 'tonight, this night', Kab. nǝ-šadiba 'this morning', Ad. nǝ-pč́ħāpa, Kab. nǝ-śħaba 'this evening', Ad. ne-wǝš́ 'tomorrow' (see Shagirov 1, 276, 283, 288-289). The original meaning is 'now', 'this (time)', as seen both from the compounds and from the external evidence.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *n[ǝ]
Meaning: time or place of, when
Tibetan: na year (?); stage of life, age; when.
Kachin: (H) na, čǝna to extend in time; cf. also na loc. or abl. suffix.
Lushai: niaʔ at the time of; when; -na the place of or where, instrument of or for etc.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 而
Modern (Beijing) reading: ér
Preclassic Old Chinese: nǝ
Classic Old Chinese: nǝ
Western Han Chinese: nǝ
Eastern Han Chinese: ńǝ
Early Postclassic Chinese: ńɨ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńɨ
Late Postclassic Chinese: ńɨ
Middle Chinese: ńɨ
English meaning : particle by verbalizing, as, and yet, and
Russian meaning[s]: 1) а; да; и; но (союз, связывающий сказуемые или целые предложения); 2) служебное слово в вэньяне, ставится перед сказуемым а) чтобы показать, что субъект сказуемого не тот же, что в предыдущем словосочетании (рекомендуется перевод при помощи местоимения второго лица); б) чтобы отделить основное сказуемое предложения от предыдущего обстоятельственного построения часто служебного типа; в отрицательных предложениях отрицание предшествует обстоятельственной конструкции и при переводе подлежит переносу к сказуемому; 3) в обстоятельствах места и времени заменяет 以; 4) оформляет наречия, вм. 然; 5) на конце предложения вм. 而以; 6) древн. твой, ты; 7) если, вм. 如
Comments: For *n- cf. Min forms: Xiamen ʒi2, Chaozhou zɨ2, Fuzhou i2. The original meaning of the character is 'moustache, whiskers' (attested since Late Zhou); in some early texts (Shujing) also used for the second person pronoun *nhǝ 'thou' (see 爾, 乃).
Radical: 126
Four-angle index: 3668
Shijing occurrences: 23.3, 26.5, 41.1, 41.2, 41.3, 42.1, 47.2, 52.1, 52.2, 52.3, 54.2, 58.4
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 294
Character: 而
MC description : 止開三平之日
ZIHUI: 5079 0525
Beijing: ǝ̂ 12
Jinan: ǝ̂ 3
Xi'an: ǝ̂ 11
Taiyuan: ǝ̂ 1
Hankou: ɨ 12
Chengdu: ǝ̂ 12
Yangzhou: â 12
Suzhou: l 12
Wenzhou: zi_ 12
Changsha: ô 12
Shuangfeng: ie 12
Nanchang: з̂ 31
Meixian: i 12
Guangzhou: ji 12
Xiamen: ʒi 12
Chaozhou: zi_ 12
Fuzhou: i 12
Shanghai: ɦǝ̂ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: ži_ 12
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔen
Meaning: now
Ket: ēn
Yug: en
Kottish: eaŋa
Arin: iŋni (М., Сл., Кл.) "today"
Pumpokol: eń (Срсл.) "now" (the form can also be Yug)
Comments: ССЕ 187. Kott. eaŋa < *ʔen-ŋa. The Ablaut form *ʔan- is contained in compounds: Yug. an-es5,6 'morning' ('now' + 'God, sky'), an-bɔksɨ5 'tomorrow' = Ket. anɔkś 5,6 (for th second component see *pVk-). Werner 1, 35, 36, 272 *en.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *hona
Meaning: 1 here, hither 2 now 3 here (it is), voicì, behold!
Bizkaian: ona 1, 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: ona 3
High Navarrese: unat 1
Low Navarrese: huna 1, 3, hunat 1
Lapurdian: huna 1, 3, hunat 1
Zuberoan: huna 1, 3
Comments: These words are obviously derived from the demonstrative *ho- (q.v.), with the similar extension in *-n- common to Bsq and NC.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-comments,
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