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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 743
Root: gʷhðer-
English meaning: to run, flow
German meaning: `rinnen, fließen; zerrinnen, verschwinden', im ar. Kaus. und im gr. i̯o-Verbum trans. `rinnen lassen, zerrinnen lassen', daher gr. `verschwinden lassen, vernichten'
General comments: (oder besser gʷðer-??)
Material: Ai. kṣárati `fließt, strömt, zerrinnt, verschwindet', kṣara-m `Wasser', kṣārayati `läßt fließen', kṣālayati `wäscht ab' (vgl. Wackernagel Ai. Gr. I 241); av. ɣžaraiti `strömt, wallt auf', ɣžārayeiti `läßt fließen', mit vī- `läßt überfließen'; Weiterbildung in ā-ɣžrāδayeiti `läßt aufwallen', vī-ɣžrāδayeiti `läßt auseinander, überwallen'; umgestellt žɣar- in avifra-žɣaraiti `fließt herzu zu-'; wahrscheinlich arm. jur, Gen. jroy `Wasser' (*gʷhðōro-);
gr. att. φθείρω (*φθερι̯ω; lesb. φθέρρω, ark. φθήρω), schwachstufig dor. φθαίρω (*φθαρι̯ω) `richte zugrunde'; dazu auch φθείρ `Laus' (ψείρει φθείρει Hes. ist Folge der spätern spirantischen Aussprache des θ), φθορά̄ `Verderben, Vernichtung' und (als Rest der älterenBedeut.) `Vermischung oder Verreibung der Farben', ebenso συμφθείρω außer `zugleich oder gänzlich zugrunde richten' auch `lasse Farben ineinanderfließen', dann auch `verschmelzen, vermischen überhaupt', συμφθείρεσθαι `zusammenströmen'.
References: WP. I 700, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 714, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff.
Pages: 487-488
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *dgʷher-
Meaning: to flow, to flood
Old Indian: kṣárati `to flow, stream; to melt away, perish', kṣara- `melting away, perishable'; n. (L) `water'
Avestan: ɣžaraiti `strömt, wallt auf'
Armenian: ǰur, gen. ǰroy `Wasser'
Old Greek: phthéi̯rō (aeol. phthérrō, ark. phthērō, dor. phtái̯rō), aor. phthẹ̄̂ra, pass. phtharē̂nai̯, pf. pass. éphtharmai̯, va. phthartó- `zugrunde richten, vernichten, verderben, zerstören', phtorǟ́ f. `Verderben, Vernichtung, Untergang, Seuche, Verfuhrung, Abtreibung, Fehlgeburt'; süm-phthéi̯rō `1) zugleich od. gänzlich zugrunde richten; 2) (von Farben) mischen, verschmelzen, ineinander fliessen lasen', 3) verschmelzen, vermischen überhaupt'
Russ. meaning: течь потоком, затоплять
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *tUKV
Meaning: to flow, pour
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-kart,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *ti̯ùke
Meaning: to pour
Russian meaning: лить
Comments: Cf. also Evk. ǯik- 'to wash away (shores)', possibly < *ǯük- (see ТМС 1, 256). altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *dök-
Meaning: to pour out
Russian meaning: лить, сыпать
Old Turkic: tök- (Orkh., OUygh.)
Karakhanid: tök- (MK, KB) Turkish: dök-
Tatar: tük-
Uzbek: tọk-
Uighur: tök-
Sary-Yughur: tök-
Azerbaidzhan: tök-
Turkmen: dök-
Khakassian: tök-
Shor: tök-
Oyrat: tök-
Halaj: tök-, tek-
Chuvash: tъʷk-
Yakut: tox-
Dolgan: tok-
Tuva: tö'k-
Tofalar: tö'k-
Kirghiz: tök-
Kazakh: tök-
Noghai: tök-
Bashkir: tük-
Balkar: tök-
Gagauz: dök-
Karaim: tök-
Karakalpak: tök-
Kumyk: tök-
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *tahi-
Meaning: to pour, irrigate
Russian meaning: лить, орошать
Modern Korean: tǟ-
Middle Korean: tahi-
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *tùk-
Meaning: to pour
Russian meaning: лить, наливать
Middle Japanese: tùk-
Tokyo: tsùg-
Kyoto: tsúg-
Kagoshima: tsúg-
Comments: JLTT 772. Modern dialects point to *túnk-, which is probably a result of phonetic merger with *túnk- 'to continue, inherit'. japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *tkor- / *tkr-
Russian meaning: течь, плескаться
English meaning: to flow, splash
Georgian: tkr-ial-; tkor- 'tide'
Svan: tkr-ǝn-
Notes and references: EWK 168.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-sva,kartet-notes,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : TVKV
Meaning : to pour, drop
Amerind (misc.) : *tokʷ 'saliva; spit' (R 590) [+ A K] globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,globet-reference,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *[ṭ]Hänḳŏ́
Meaning: drop
Comments and references : NSC 63 *ṭHEḳV, LV C7. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ṭHänḳŏ
Meaning: drop, spray
Notes: One of a series of roots sounding like *KVNTV / *TVNKV and meaning 'drop, spot' (see also *ṭVnḳǝ̆, *ḳwɨmṭV, *ḳanṭV). All of them are clearly expressive and tend to contaminate with each other. The root *ṭHänḳŏ, however, is the only one having parallels in WC. See Abdokov 1983, 103. Cauc. > Osset. (Dig.) ṭink, ṭing 'drop', see Abayev 1979, 356.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ṭinḳV / *ṭiḳVn
Meaning: 1 drop 2 to drop
Avar: ṭinḳ 1
Chadakolob: ṭénḳi 1
Andian language: ṭonḳi-l 1
Akhvakh: ṭiḳun- 2
Chamalal: ṭiḳana 1 (Gig.)
Tindi: ṭiḳun 1 (Leksika)
Karata: ṭinḳ- 2 (Tok.)
Comments: The Av. Chad. form is actually a deverbal noun from ṭenḳ-ži 'to drop' (Av. lit. ṭinḳ-ize, masd. ṭínḳi 'dropping'). Besides the Akhv. and Kar. verbal forms listed above, cf. also And. ṭonḳun-, Cham. Gig. ṭiḳun- 'to drop'. And. ṭonḳil has an irregular vowel and may be explained as a metathesis < *ṭinḳ-ol. Some other forms with -a-vocalism (namely: Cham. Gig. ṭanḳ, God. ṭanḳi 'drop') may either reflect the same metathesized variant, or (which is equally possible) reflect a merger with PA *ṭanḳV 'spot, dot' q.v.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: č̣iInṭ
Meaning: spray
Lak form: č̣iInṭ
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ṭäInḳ
Meaning: drop
Agul: ṭinḳ
Rutul: ṭanḳ
Tsakhur: ṭ́anḳ́
Kryz: ṭɨḳɨn
Budukh: ṭiḳ
Comment: Cf. also Tsakh. Gelm. ṭaInḳ., Bud. ṭiḳ-en 'freckles'. Obl. base *ṭäInḳa- (Rut. ṭánḳɨ-, Tsakh. Gelm. ṭaInḳa-). 3d class in most class-distinguishing languages, but 4th class in Bud. See Лексика 1971, 188; Гигинейшвили 1977, 81.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: ṭɨng
North Caucasian etymology: 1690
Meaning: drop
Khinalug form: ṭɨng
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *[ṭ]ǝḳʷǝ
Meaning: to drop
Abkhaz: á-ḳ:ʷa-ra
Abaza: ḳa-ḳḳʷa-ra
Adyghe: jǝʁa-ṭḳʷa-n
Kabardian: pǝ-ṭḳʷǝ-n
Ubykh: ḳʷaḳʷá-
Comments: PAT *ḳ(ǝ)ḳʷa; PAT *ṭḳʷa- / *ṭḳʷǝ- (mostly used with preverbs in the meaning 'to drop'; without preverbs cf. Ad., Kab. ṭḳʷǝ- 'to thaw, melt', ṭḳʷa-ps 'drop'); Ub. a-ḳʷaḳʷá-n. The comparison of Adygh forms with Abkh. and Ub. belongs to Abdokov (1973, 86) and seems quite probable (we only have to suppose an assimilation ṭ- > ḳ- in Ub. and Abkh.). The alternative comparison of Klimov (PAK *ṭḳʷV- : Abkh. a-ʒǝ-ṭq̇ʷá 'pool'), see Klimov 1967, 303) is much worse both phonetically and semantically.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *tiǝ̄k ( ~ d-)
Meaning: drop
Tibetan: gtig (p., f. btig) to fall in drops, ãthig (p. ãthigs) to drop, fall in drops, thigs a drop.
Kachin: theʔ2, gǝtheʔ2, ntheʔ2 to drop, drip.
Lepcha: tók onom. dropping from tree
Comments: PG *te drop, pour; Kham teL drop. Simon 9; Luce 66; Coblin 67.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-kach,stibet-lepcha,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 滴
Modern (Beijing) reading: dī
Preclassic Old Chinese: tēk
Classic Old Chinese: tēk
Western Han Chinese: tēk
Eastern Han Chinese: tiēk
Early Postclassic Chinese: tiēk
Middle Postclassic Chinese: tiēk
Late Postclassic Chinese: tiēk
Middle Chinese: tiek
English meaning : drop [Han]
Russian meaning[s]: капля; капать; стекать
Radical: 85
Four-angle index: 3796
Jianchuan Bai: to6
Dali Bai: tier3, to6
Bijiang Bai: ća6, to4
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 1840
Character: 滴
MC description : 梗開四入錫端
ZIHUI: 3336 0567
Beijing: ti 11
Jinan: ti 11
Xi'an: tie 11
Taiyuan: tiǝʔ 41
Hankou: ti 12
Chengdu: ti 12
Yangzhou: tiǝʔ 4
Suzhou: tiôʔ 41
Wenzhou: tei 41
Changsha: ti 4
Shuangfeng: ti 12
Nanchang: tit 41
Meixian: tit 41
Guangzhou: tîk 41
Xiamen: tîk 41 (lit.); tiʔ 41
Chaozhou: tiʔ 41
Fuzhou: teiʔ 41
Shanghai: tîʔ 4
Zhongyuan yinyun: ti 42
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *teK-
Meaning: drop, (rain)dropping
Kottish: ur-thekŋ (ur 'rain')
Comments: ССЕ 283. Werner 2, 354 (correcting the meaning from "der Tropfen" to "das Tropfen").
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *tanka ~ *tanko
Meaning: 1 drop (of liquid) 2 a little (bit) 3 a moment
Bizkaian: (Arratia, Orozko, Txorierri) tanga 1, (Arratia, Orozko) tanka 2, (Arratia, Galdakano, Mundaka) tango 2, (Arratia, Galdakano) 3
Zuberoan: tanka 1
Roncalese: (Uztárroz) tanka 1
Comments: A relic etymon, preserved only at the western (BZK) and eastern (ZBR, RNC) peripheries.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *tVk
Meaning: drop
Austroasiatic meaning: drop, drip
Proto-Austronesian: *itik
Austronesian meaning: drop of liquid
Proto-Thai: nam.C tak waterfall CK
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-tai,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: tVk
Meaning: drop, drip
Thai: nam.C tak waterfall CK
Proto-Monic: M tok
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-kmr,aaet-mon,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: tɔk
Meaning: to drip; pǝntɔk to let water drip drop by drop
References: JP96
kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,kmret-ref,
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Aslian etymology :
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Proto-Aslian: *kaltoŋ
Meaning: knee
Semelai: kaltoŋ
Semoq Beri: kǝltoŋ
Kensiw: kaltoŋ
Jahai: kaltoŋ
asliet-prnum,asliet-meaning,asliet-sml,asliet-ber,asliet-ken,asliet-jhi,
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