Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *tiʒlǝ " (~ *š-)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): крыло

Chukchee: ril-ril ", relǝ́t=lǝŋǝn (ril-ti pl.) (+АБ)

Koryak: til-til "

Alutor: til-til ", tilǝ-t, til-ti du., til-uwwi, редко til-u pl.

Comments: На *-iʒlǝ указывают алюторские формы двойственного и множественного числа со вторым гласным tilǝ-t (а не "til-ti) и более частое tilu-wwi < "tilǝ+-w.

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *tijlǝ ~ *čijlǝ

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): крыло (без перьев ?)

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *tiʒlǝ " (~ *š-)

Proto-Itelmen: *tel-xp

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *tel-xp EI

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): крыло

Itelmen meaning: крыло ощипанное, без перьев

South Itelmen: tida pl.

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): alae

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): skrzydɫa

Comments: По-видимому, вторая часть связана с *oxp (343) 'игла для сетей' или композит с аффиксом -p 'нечто торчащее'.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *tVlV

Meaning: shoulder

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *talo

Uralic: *tulka 'feather, wing' (? or to PA *dḗlì ?)

Dravidian: *tōḷ-

Eskimo-Aleut: *taɫi-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *tijlǝ ~ *čijlǝ ?

Comments: If the Ur. form is *tuklV, it belongs rather to *ṭVwq̇V q.v.

References: МССНЯ 355; ND 2268 *taḷʡ[o] '(back of the) neck, shoulders' (+ dub. IE, SH).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *talo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wing, shoulderblade

Russian meaning: крыло, лопатка

Mongolian: *dalu, *dali

Korean: *tằr'ái

Japanese: *tà-i

Comments: The Japanese word may belong here if it goes back to *tal(V)-gV ( = MKor. tằr'ái, but tone correspondence is irregular).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *dalu, *dali

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 shoulderblade 2 wing

Russian meaning: 1 лопатка 2 крыло

Written Mongolian: dalu 1, dali 2

Middle Mongolian: ṭālum (IM) 1, dalu (MA) 1

Khalkha: dal 1, daĺ 2

Buriat: dala 1, dali 2

Kalmuck: dalǝ 1

Ordos: dalu 1

Dongxian: daleu, taleu, dale 1

Baoan: dali 1

Dagur: dal 1 (Тод. Даг. 134), dale 1 (MD 132)

Shary-Yoghur: dālǝ 1

Monguor: dālī (SM 42), dalu (Minghe) 1

Mogol: dōlu; ZM dɔ̄lū (2-7a)

Comments: KW 73, MGCD 193. Mong. > Chag. dalu etc. (see ЭСТЯ 3, 131-132); > Evk. dalu (Poppe 1966, 195, 1974, 121).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *tằr'ái

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: wing (of a saddle)

Russian meaning: крыло (седла)

Modern Korean: tarä

Middle Korean: tằr'ái

Comments: Nam 141, KED 382 (deriving the word from tắr- 'hang', which is dubious).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *tà-i

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hand, arm

Russian meaning: рука

Old Japanese: te

Middle Japanese: tè

Tokyo: té

Kyoto: tḕ

Kagoshima: té

Nase: tɨ́

Shuri: tī́

Hateruma: šī̀

Yonakuni: tī̀

Comments: JLTT 545.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1089

Proto: *tulka

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: feather, wing

German meaning: Feder, Flügel

Saam (Lapp): dǫl'ge -lg- (N) 'feather', tål'kē (L) 'Feder, Daune', to_ilke (T) 'Feder'

Mordovian: tolga (E M)

Udmurt (Votyak): ti̮li̮ (S), tǝ̑lǝ̑ (K), tị̑lị̑ (G)

Komi (Zyrian): ti̮l (Le.), ti̮v (P), tøl (PO) 'Feder, Schwung- od. Schwanzfeder' ( > Nen. tyly, t'ly)

Khanty (Ostyak): tŏɣǝl (V), tŏχǝt (DN), tŏχǝl (O) 'Feder, Flügel'

Mansi (Vogul): tōl (TJ), towl (KU P), towǝl (So.) 'Flügel'

Hungarian: toll (dial. tall, tollu, tolu, tolyu, toju, tulu, tú, tolv-) 'Feder'

Nenets (Yurak): to (O) 'Feder, Flügel'

Enets (Yen): tua 'Flügel'

Nganasan (Tawgi): t́ụ, t́ụa

Selkup: tuu (Ta. B), tú(U) (Ke.), tu (N) 'Flügel, Feder'

Janhunen's version: (85) *tuxli6

Sammalahti's version: *tuxli6

Addenda: Mot. tu 'Flügel, Feder'

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *tōḷ-

Meaning : shoulder, arm

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *tōḷ-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *tōḷ-

Meaning : shoulder, arm

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : tōḷ

Tamil meaning : shoulder, arm

Malayalam : tōḷ

Malayalam meaning : shoulder

Kannada : tōḷ(u)

Kannada meaning : the arm

Tulu : tōḷụ

Tulu meaning : the arm

Tulu derivates : tōḷaŋgụ shaking of the arm

Proto-Nilgiri : *tōḷ

Number in DED : 3564

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *tōḷ

Meaning : upper arm

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : tōḷ "upper arm, elbow to shoulder"

Toda : twɨ̄ḷfody "bangle worn on upper arm by women"

Number in DED : 3564

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *taɫi- (-vɫ-/-ɫv- ?)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: arm, foreflipper

Russian meaning: рука, передний ласт

Proto-Yupik: *taɫi- (-qu-)

Proto-Inupik: *ta(u)li- (-qu-), *ta'lia-

Comments: Cf. *taɫima- (*-vɫ-?) 'five'.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 328

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *taɫi- (-qu-)

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: arm 1, flipper 2

Russian Meaning: рука 1, плавник 2

Chaplino: taɫíq (t) 1, 2, taɫíquq (t) 2 (foreflipper)

Naukan: táɫíq (= táɫīq ?) 1, taɫíquq 2

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: taɫiq 1

Chugach (Birket-Smith): talịq 1

Central Alaskan Yupik: taɫiq 1, taɫiquq 2, 'foreleg of animal'

Nunivak (Peripheral): täɫiχ* 1

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 328

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *tä(u)lị̈- (-qu-), *ta'lia-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: arm 1, foreflipper 2, to dance in sitting position gesturing with arms 3, to break arm 4

Russian meaning: рука 1, передний плавник 2, танцевать, сидя и двигая руками 3, сломать руку 4

Seward Peninsula Inupik: taliq 1, taliʁuq 2, taliq- 3

SPI Dialects: Imaq táûliq, táliq 1, talíʁuq 2, W tälẹq* (līk, ʎʎit) 1, KI täliq* 1

North Alaskan Inupik: taliq 1, taliʁuq 2, taliq- 3, talliaq- 4

NAI Dialects: B täliq* 1, Ingl tälik* du. 1

Western Canadian Inupik: taliq 1, taliquq 2

WCI Dialects: Cor, M täliq* 1

Eastern Canadian Inupik: taliq 1, taliʁuq 2, taliaq- 4,

Greenlandic Inupik: taliq (taleq*) 1, taliʁuq 2

GRI Dialects: EG tali- 'to shove with shoulder'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 328, 335

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : LVLV

Meaning : shoulder, arm

Eurasiatic : *tVlV

Sino-Caucasian : *ƛ̣úlHV

Amerind (misc.) : *tala 'shoulder' (R 625) [+ A]

African (misc.) : Cf. Macro-Khoisan *ƛ[a]u "hand".

Reference : GE 112 *tal.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ƛ̣úlHV̆

Meaning: arm

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *Hluƛ̣_Ĕ ( ~ *ƛ̣_ulHV)

Sino-Tibetan: *ƛŭH / *ƛŭk (?)

Burushaski: *-ltáltar ( < *ltalar)

Comments and references : +LV A12.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *Hluƛ̣_Ĕ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: arm

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ruƛ̣:V

Proto-Dargwa: *dul(V)ɣ

Proto-Lezghian: *ƛ̣:ol

Proto-Khinalug: ḳɨl

Proto-West Caucasian: *b(ǝ)Ĺa

Notes: In PL and Khin. there occurred a secondary metathesis (we should expect a form like PL *Holƛ̣:) - probably to avoid a cluster of two laterals. Otherwise the correspondences are regular. PWC has a prefixed *b- (as in many other cases). See Abdokov 1983, 81 (where the root is mixed up with *rĕmƛ̣e 'cubit' q.v.)

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ruƛ̣:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 arm 2 shoulder

Avar: ruƛ̣:

Chamalal: ʁažuƛ: wuƛ̣:

Tindi: ʁažuƛ:a ruƛ̣:a

Bagvalal: ʁažu-ruƛ̣:

Comments: Av. paradigm C (ruƛ̣:á-lzul, rúƛ̣:al). The Andian languages have a compound with *ʁažu 'arm' to avoid homonymy with *ruƛ̣:V 'yoke' q.v.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *dul(V)ɣ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: elbow

Chiragh: duluɣ

Comments: Cf. also Kharb. dulaj-naqI 'elbow' (naqI 'arm, hand').

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ƛ̣:ol

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 shoulder-blade 2 foreleg (of animal) 3 arm 4 hip

Lezghian: ḳul 1

Tabasaran: k:ül 2

Agul: k:ul 2 (K.)

Rutul: gɨl 2

Tsakhur: gɨvɨ 2

Kryz: kɨl 3

Budukh: kɨl 3

Archi: ƛ̣:ol 1,2

Udi: q:ul 4

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. k:ɨl 'shoulder-blade', k:(ɨ)l-ar 'back'; Kryz. kel-kiǯ. 'armful', Bud. kǝlkiǯ 'under one's arm' (originally a subessive form). 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages. Obl. base *ƛ̣:ola- (cf. Lezg. ḳula-, Khl. k:la-, Tab. k:üli-); the Tsakh. reflex goes back to a suffixed *ƛ̣:olV-j.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *b(ǝ)Ĺa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: arm

Adyghe: ʡā-bL

Kabardian: bLa, ʡa-bLa

Comments: PAK *bLa (also in compound with *ʡa 'hand').

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ƛŭH / *ƛŭk (?)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hand, arm, wing

Chinese: 手 *ƛhuʔ hand, arm.

Tibetan: śog wing, wing-feather.

Comments: [For Ch. perhaps better Tib. hlu 'limb']

Chinese characters :

Character: 手

Modern (Beijing) reading: shǒu

Preclassic Old Chinese: ƛhuʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ƛhú

Western Han Chinese: ƛhǝ́w

Eastern Han Chinese: shǝ́w

Early Postclassic Chinese: shíw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shǝ́w

Late Postclassic Chinese: shǝ́w

Middle Chinese: śǝ́w

English meaning : hand

Russian meaning[s]: 1) рука; ручной; собственноручный; ручка, рукоятка; держать в руках; 2) ведение, контроль, компетенция; 3) мастер, мастак; дока; чемпион; суффикс профессий

Comments: For *ƛh- cf. Min forms: Xiamen chiu³, Chaozhou chiu³, Fuzhou chiu³.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 64

Four-angle index: 3262

Karlgren code: 1101 a-b

Jianchuan Bai: sɨ1

Dali Bai: sɨ1

Bijiang Bai: ši1

Shijing occurrences: 31.4_, 38.3, 41.1, 41.2, 41.3, 57.2

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 93

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 手

MC description : 流開三上有書

ZIHUI: 2087 1542

Beijing: ṣou 2

Jinan: ṣou 2

Xi'an: ṣou 2

Taiyuan: sou 2

Hankou: sou 2

Chengdu: sǝu 2

Yangzhou: sôɨ 2

Suzhou: söy 2

Wenzhou: śiu 21

Changsha: ṣôu 2

Shuangfeng: śiû 2

Nanchang: sǝu 2

Meixian: su 2

Guangzhou: šau 21

Xiamen: siu 2 (lit.); chiu 2

Chaozhou: chiu 21

Fuzhou: chieu 2

Shanghai: sôɨ 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: šiou 2

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *-ltáltar

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: 1 front leg, animal shoulder; arm 2 breasts sticking out

Yasin: -ltáltariŋ 2

Hunza: -ltáltar 1

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