Kartvelian etymology : List with all references

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Kartvelian etymology :

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Proto-Kartvelian: *gib-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: вывихнуть

English meaning: to twist

Svan: gib-

Notes and references: Иллич-Свитыч (ОСНЯ 1, 236-237) сравнивает с ПИЕ *gheub- 'сгибать(ся), кривой' < ностр. *güpA 'гнуть(ся)' (алт. материал, повидимому, недостоверен; возможно, следует привлекать алт. *k`epu-ŕV 'кривой, кривая кость').

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Nostratic etymology :

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Eurasiatic: *güpA

Meaning: to bend

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *gheub- 'bend' (Pok. 450); *ḱub- 'shoulder, elbow' (1045)

Altaic: *k`ep`oŕV (also *kop`e 883, *gi̯ṓp`e 533)

Kartvelian: *gib-

Dravidian: *kaP- (also *gup- 'hump', hidden under *gum-; *gOp- 'hill' DED 1731)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *kawra-

Comments: Niv. kevr- 'изгибаться'; kevz- 'кудри'

References: More than one root. МССНЯ 336, ОСНЯ 1, 236-237; ND 587 *gub/pE 'heap, hump' (Drav., Mong., IE), 588 *gaʔbV 'thick, dense, large' (Turk. + SH), 589 *gü[ʔ]bV 'to bend' (same IE + Kartv. + Kor. + SH), 593 *g[U]bʕV 'hill, mountain'; 1111 *ḳupE (~ *ḳüpV) 'to bend, elbow'; 1121 *ḲuP_VŕV 'hump'. And cf. also *ḳuṗV 'heap'.

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Indo-European etymology :

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Proto-IE: *ghAubh-, *ghūbh-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to bend

Slavic: *gъ(b)nǭtī, *gūbītī, *gūbā, *gɨ̄́bnǭtī etc.

Baltic: *gaũb- vb. tr., *gub-ul-a- c., *gub-ur-a- c., *gub-ā̂ f., *gū̂b-ā̂ (1) f., *gū̂b-ā̂- (1) vb., *=gub-a- adj.

Germanic: *gū[b]-a- adj., *gū[b]-[ō]- vb.

Russ. meaning: гнуть(cя)

References: WP I 567 f

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Vasmer's dictionary :

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Word: гнуть,

Near etymology: гну, укр. гну́ти, блр. гнуць, ст.-слав. гънѫти, др.-русск. гъноути, гъбноути, болг. гъ́на "складываю, свертываю", сербохорв. на̀гнути, на̏гне̑м "наклонить", словен. gániti, gánem "двигаю, шевелю", чеш. hnouti, hnu, польск. gnę "гну", в.-луж. hnuć, н.-луж. gnuś. Сюда же др.-русск., ст.-слав. гъбежь "изгиб", гыбати, итер. "гнуть".

Further etymology: Родственно лит. dvìgubas, trìgubas "двойной, тройной", gubá "копна хлеба", sugaubti "собрать хлеб", лтш. gubstu, gubt "кривиться, гнуться", англос. géap "кривой", д.-в.-н. goufana "пригоршня"; см. Бернекер 1, 366 и сл.; Траутман, BSW 100; Apr. Sprd. 344, М. -- Э. 1, 674. Поднятый Педерсеном (Mat. i Pr. 1, 170) вопрос о родстве с др.-исл. bjúga, нов.-в.-н. biegen "гнуть", др.-инд. bhujáti, греч. πτύσσω "складываю", πτυχή "складка" не является решенным; см. Уленбек, РВВ 30, 266 и сл., но также Мейе, IF 5, 333.

Pages: 1,422-423

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Baltic etymology :

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Proto-Baltic: *gaũb- vb. tr., *gub-ul-a- c., *gub-ur-a- c., *gub-ā̂ f., *gū̂b-ā̂ (1) f., *gū̂b-ā̂- (1) vb., *=gub-a- adj.

Meaning: bend, wrap up, crooked obj.

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: gaũbti `überdecken, umhüllen, einmummen, wölben', gùbula-s 'Knäuel, Ballen', gùbura-s 'Erdhaufen, Erd-, Grabhügel, Bergrücken'; { gubà `Heuhaufen, Schober, Haufen aufrecht stehender Garben' }; dvì-guba- 'zwiefach, doppelt', trì-guba- 'dreifach'

Lettish: gubt (gùbu/gubstu, gubu) `einsinken, sich senken, sich niederbücken, zusammenfallen'; guba `Haufe'; gũbât (-ãju), gūbuôt intr. 'gebückt gehen', tr. 'erbergen, verstecken', gũba 'Gebückter, Ungeschickter'

Old Prussian: dwigubbus 'doppelt', dwigubbū 'zweifelt'

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Germanic etymology :

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Proto-Germanic: *gū[b]a-, *gū[b]Vn- vb.

Meaning: settle, sink

IE etymology: IE etymology

Norwegian: dial. gūva `zusammengesunken sitzen', gūv `untersetzt, zusammengesunken, gebeugt'

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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 674

Root: gheub(h)-

English meaning: to bend, move

German meaning: `biegen, bücken, bewegen'

Material: Norw. dial. gūva `zusammengesunken sitzen', schwed. jordgubbe `Gartenerdbeere', alt. dän. gubbe `Kehlkopf, Brust', ndd. (Estland) gubbe `kleiner Heuhaufen'; ags. géap `krumm, listig' (aber géap `weit, geräumig, offen', aisl. gaupn `hohle Hand' s. unter ĝhēu- `gähnen, klaffen'), aisl. gumpr (aus aschwed. gumper), schwed. gump, dän. gump `Steiß', mhd. guffe, goffe ds. (aber über mhd. gupf `Spitze eines Berges' s. unter geu- `biegen'), ags. gupan Pl. `clunes, cloxae', ahd. goffa `Steiß', weiter dazu die Intensivbildung isl. goppa, schwed. guppa, nhd. gupfen `auf undnieder hüpfen, schaukeln';

lett. gubstu, gubt `sich bücken, einsinken', guba f. `Haufe', lit. gubúotis `sich verflechten', gaubiù, gaũbti `überdecken, umhüllen, wölben', gaũbtis `sich krümmen', gubà `Heuhaufen, Haufen stehender Garben', gubùs `geschickt, gewandt, kundig' (vgl. die Bedeutung von ags. géap), lit. dvìgubas `zwiefach', apr. Gen. Sg. f. dvigubbus ds.;

aksl. gъnǫti `falten', russ. gnutь `biegen, krümmen', klruss. hnúty ds., skr. nȁgnêm, nàgnuti `neigen', sloven. gánem, gániti `bewegen, rühren', čech. hnouti ds., dazu aksl. negъbljь `unbewegt' (aus *gubja-), russ. ksl. gъbežь `Biegung', čech. příheb m. `Biegestelle, Gelenk' (aus -gъbъ, vgl. lit. -gubas) und ablautend aksl. sugubъ, dvogubъ `doppelt', russ. gubá `Bucht', sloven. gúba `Falte', poln. przegub `Gelenk, Krümmung'; Iterativ aksl. gybljǫ gybati `zugrunde gehen', prěgybajǫ, prěgybati `beugen', russ. gíbnutь, gínutь `verderben, umkommen', gibátь `biegen', skr. gîbljêm (gi̇bâm) gíbati `bewegen, wiegen', čech. hynouti `zugrunde gehen, verkommen', hýbati `bewegen, treiben'; Kausativ aksl. pogubljǫ pogubiti `zugrunde richten', russ. gubítь `verderben', skr. gùbîm, gùbiti ds., čech. hubiti `verderben, vertilgen', poln. gubię, gubić `verlieren, verderben', aksl. paguba `Verderben'.

References: WP. I 567 f., Trautmann 100 f.

Pages: 450

PIE database: PIE database

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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *k`ep`orV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: curved bone

Russian meaning: кривая кость

Turkic: *KApur-

Mongolian: *kabir-

Tungus-Manchu: *xebti-

Korean: *kùpɨ̀rǝ̀ŋ

Japanese: *kǝ̀m(p)ùrá (~-ua-)

Comments: Turk. forms may be < Mong. Note that the TM forms have nothing to do with Mong. ebčeɣün 'breast bone', despite Doerfer MT 20, Rozycki 65. The word probably had the original meaning 'rib', preserved in Western languages; the Korean and Japanese forms cannot be kept apart, but they deserve special comment: in both languages the root was naturally influenced by the reflexes of *kŏp`é 'bend' (q. v.); the Japanese form is also aberrant accentologically, shows rather *-m- than *-p- - and may in fact be a merger of the present root with PA *k`i̯ome 'marrow'.

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Turkic etymology :

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Proto-Turkic: *KApur-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: rib

Russian meaning: ребро

Old Turkic: qabar (Ettuhf.)

Turkish: kabur (dial.) 'a piece of tin or leather for fixing cracks'

Uzbek: qɛbɨz (dial.) 'armpit'

Turkmen: GapɨrGa

Comments: ЭСТЯ 5, 275-276. Щербак (1997, 207) regards the word as a Mong. loanword, which is hardly the case (although numerous forms like Chag. qaburɣa etc. may indeed have a Mong. origin, see TMN 1, 392).

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Mongolian etymology :

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Proto-Mongolian: *kabir-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: rib

Russian meaning: ребро

Written Mongolian: qabirɣa(n), qabisu(n) (L 898)

Middle Mongolian: qabusun 'chest' (HY 47), gerün xabusun 'veranda, porch' (HY 16), qabirxa (HY 47), qabirqa (SH), qabirɣă (MA)

Khalkha: xavirga, xavis

Buriat: xabirga, xabha(n)

Kalmuck: xäwṛɣǝ, xawsṇ

Ordos: xawirGa 'edge, bank, flank'

Dongxian: qaruGa (MGCD qaruɣa)

Baoan: χalGǝ

Dagur: xabirga (Тод. Даг. 172), haberihe (MD 154), xabirǝg

Shary-Yoghur: χarʁuo

Monguor: xawuʒǝ (SM 166), (MGCD xairʒǝ)

Mogol: qoburɣa; ZM qaborɣa (3-2b) 'side, flank'

Comments: MGCD 313, KW 178-179, TMN 1, 392.

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Tungus etymology :

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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xebti-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: rib

Russian meaning: ребро

Evenki: ewtilē

Even: ewutle

Negidal: ewtile

Spoken Manchu: efǝči (84)

Literary Manchu: ebči

Ulcha: xeuntile, xeuptile

Orok: xewčile

Nanai: xeučile

Oroch: eutile, eutule

Udighe: euntile

Solon: ȫtelē

Comments: ТМС 2, 435. Should be distinguished from *xebte 'lung'.

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Korean etymology :

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Proto-Korean: *kùpɨ̀rǝ̀ŋ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: elbow

Russian meaning: локоть

Modern Korean: phal-k:up

Middle Korean: phằr-kùpɨ̀rǝ̀ŋ

Comments: Nam 462, KED 1736.

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Japanese etymology :

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Proto-Japanese: *kǝ̀m(p)ùrá (~-ua-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: calf (of leg)

Russian meaning: икра (ноги)

Middle Japanese: kòmùrá, kobura

Tokyo: kòmura, kómura

Kyoto: kómùrà

Kagoshima: komúra

Comments: JLTT 456. Tonal correspondences are not quite clear.

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Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-Dravidian : *kaP-

Meaning : to bend, turn over

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kav-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kap-

Proto-North Dravidian : *kab-

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South Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-South Dravidian : *kav-

Meaning : to overturn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kaviẓ (-v-, -nt-)

Tamil meaning : to be capsized, turned bottom upwards, bow one's head from modesty, shame, or confusion, stoop, bend down, be overthrown

Tamil derivates : (-pp-, -tt-) to turn over, capsize, overthrow, destroy, put a cover on; (Tinn.) kavuru to capsize; (NTD) kamur to be upside down

Malayalam : kaviẓuka, kamiẓuka

Malayalam meaning : to be overturned, upset, overwhelmed

Malayalam derivates : kaviẓttuka, kamiẓttuka, kamuttuka, kamikka to upset, overthrow, lay flat

Kannada : kavicu, kavacu, kavucu

Kannada meaning : to be turned upside down, be overthrown or upset; turn upside down, etc.

Kodagu : kaviN- (kaviNv-, kaviNñj-)

Kodagu meaning : to bend or lie face downwards

Kodagu derivates : (kaviNmp-, kaviNñc-) to turn face downwards (tr.)

Tulu : kapparụ

Tulu meaning : on the face

Tulu derivates : kabbe, kabya topsyturvy, upside down; kauñca topsyturvy, upside down

Proto-Nilgiri : *kav-

Number in DED : 1335

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Nilgiri etymology :

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Proto-Nilgiri : *kav-

Meaning : to be turned upside down

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Toda : kof- (kofɵ-)

Additional forms : Also Toda kof- (koft-) to turn upside down (tr.)

Number in DED : 1335

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Gondwan etymology :

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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kap-

Meaning : to bend the head, bow

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *kap-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kap-

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Gondi etymology :

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Proto-Gondi : *kap-

Meaning : frog

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : kappe

Number in DED : 1224

Number in CVOTGD : 514

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Kui-Kuwi etymology :

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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kap-

Meaning : to bend the head down

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Tekriya Kuwi : kap-

Number in DED : 1335

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North Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-North-Dravidian : *kab-

Meaning : to bend

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : kabʔā-kubʔurnā "to take short step forwards in a leaning position"

Malto : kawge "to curve, bend"

Number in DED : 1344

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Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

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Long-range etymologies :

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Borean (approx.) : KVPV

Meaning : to bend; hump, heap

Eurasiatic : *güpA

Afroasiatic : *gʷab- 'bend' (+ *ga/ubʕ- 'mountain'); *ḳVwp- 'bend, knee' in ND 1111.

Sino-Caucasian : *GwHV̄bV̆́ (? + ST *g(h)ūp 'bow')

Notes : Niv. kevr- 'изгибаться'; kevz- 'кудри'

Reference : МССНЯ 336, ОСНЯ 1, 236-237, ND 587, 588, 589, 593, 1111.

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Afroasiatic etymology :

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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷab-

Meaning: bend

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: /Arb/pBHbr

Egyptian: gb (gr) 'stoop'

Central Chadic: *gwaḅ- 'bend'

East Chadic: *gwab- 'bend'

Saho-Afar: *gub- 'be bent'

Notes: Cf. LEC *gop- "hunchback" (Or gooṗpo)?

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Egyptian etymology :

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Old Egyptian: gb (gr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'stoop'

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Central Chadic etymology :

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Proto-CChadic: *gwaḅ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'bend'

Malgwa: gáva [Lr]

Mofu-Gudur: -́gǝḅ- [BMof]

Gisiga: goḅ- [LGis]

Notes: probably <ḫ'b , cp. Eg ḫ'b `beugen'(19) Eg ḫ'b `beugen'(19)

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East Chadic etymology :

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Proto-EChadic: *gwab-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'bend'

Kera: gòbé

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Saho-Afar etymology :

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Proto-Saho-Afar: *gub-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'be bent'

Afar (Danakil): guub

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *GwHV̄bV̆́

Meaning: top, heap

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *GwHV̄bV̆

Yenisseian: *χ[o]p

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North Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-North Caucasian: *GwHV̄bV̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: stack, haystack

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʁʷiba

Proto-Tsezian: *χob (~*ʁ:-)

Proto-Lak: q:aw

Proto-Dargwa: *ʁIep:V

Proto-West Caucasian: *qI:(ʷ)abIa

Notes: Cf. also Ag. ʁeb/ʁäb (Shaumyan) 'haystack', borrowed from Darg. There is a good correspondence between Av.-And., Darg. and Ub., although the vocalic reconstruction is not certain.

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *ʁʷiba

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 stack, haystack 2 heap

Chadakolob: ʁob 1

Akhvakh: ʁoba 1

Tindi: ʁoba 1,2

Comments: Av. paradigm C (ʁobó-l, ʁóba-l). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. ʁuba. Tind. > Inkh. ʁoba 'haystack'.

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Tsezian etymology :

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Proto-Tsezian: *χob (~*ʁ:-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: haystack

Gunzib: ʁob

Comments: Isolated within Tsezian, but having probable external parallels. Cf. also (with a suffix) Gunz. ʁobej 'small stack'.

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Lak etymology :

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Lak root: q:aw

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sheaf

Lak form: q:aw

Comments: Cf. Khosr. q:aw id. The Proto-Lak. form was *q:ʷab, as seen clearly from the Archi loanword: Arch. qʷab 'sheaf'.

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Dargwa etymology :

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Proto-Dargwa: *ʁIep:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: haystack

Akusha: ʕeba

Comments: Cf. Kait. ʁep:i, Kharb. ʕep:a, perhaps also Chir. baʁIa (with metathesis and assimilation).

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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

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Proto-West-Caucasian: *qI:(ʷ)abIa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a heap of sheaves

Ubykh: qIabIá

Comments: Isolated in Ub., but having very probable external parallels.

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Yenisseian etymology :

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Proto-Yenisseian: *χ[o]p

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: top (of tree)

Ket: qōp, pl. qɔ: // qɔ:n

Yug: xop, pl. xɔ:^hp

Kottish: hupár, pl. hupáraŋ "Ende, Gipfel"; (Бол.) ači-xap "top (of tree)"

Arin: aša-pok (Лоск.) "top (of tree)"

Comments: ССЕ 302. In Arin we have either an erroneous recording (ašapok instead of *ašakop) or a metathesis. Werner 2, 128 <*qopǝ / *qop>.

yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-notes,

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