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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *gl-
Russian meaning: скорбить, оплакивать
English meaning: to weep, mourn
Georgian: gl-, glow-
Megrel: rg(w)-
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 63 (*glo-), EWK 86. Иллич-Свитыч (МССHЯ 337) сравнивает с вопросом с драв. *gōḷ 'горе', но в (ОСНЯ 1, 229) - с ПИЕ *ǵhel- 'болезнь, ущерб' и ПТМ *gila- 'болеть, грустить' < ностр. *gilV.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-meg,kartet-notes,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *gilV
Meaning: painful state, grief
References: МССНЯ 331 (+337 Drav.-Kartv.), ОСНЯ 1, 229; ND 612 *giL[U] (or *giyoL[U]) 'illness, pain, distress' (Alt.-Kartv.-IE + Sem.); 625 *goḷ/ĺ[.]V 'to weep' (?). In Alt. cf. also PT *Kɨla-ɣu 'болезнь скота' (?). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *g'hal-
Meaning: wound, damage
Hittite: kallar `ungünstig, unheilvoll' (Tischler 464)
Celtic: OIr galar 'illness, trouble'; Cymr galar 'sorrowful complaints'
Russ. meaning: рана, ущерб
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: назо́ла
Near etymology: ж., назо́л м. "тоска, досада, огорчение", нижегор., ряз., назо́лить "досадить", укр. дозо́лити -- то же.
Further etymology: Вероятно, родственно лит. žalà "вред", žalingas "злобный", лтш. zalba "ущерб; повреждение", др.-исл. galli "вред, ошибка", датск. galle "вред, боль"; см. Эндзелин, KZ 44, 66; М.--Э. 4, 683 и сл.; Хольтхаузен, Awn. Wb. 72. Ср. золо́к. Ошибочно сравнение с лтш. galuôt "убить, умертвить", вопреки Маценауэру (LF 11, 181), а также со злой, вопрекн Ильинскому (РФВ 61, 229).
Pages: 3,39
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *ǯal-ā̂ f., *ǯal-b-ā̂ f., *ǯel-b-ā f.
Meaning: harm, damage
Lithuanian: žalà 'Schaden, Leid, Verletzung, erbärmlicher Zustand', undens (= vandeñs) žalà `Wassersucht (водянка); ein im Wasser schwimmender Pilz'
Lettish: zàlba2, zàlbe2 `Schaden, Verletzung am Körper, Wunde, Narbe; Brandmal, Schmerz, Beule; Unrecht', zęlba `Schaden, Verletzung am Körper; Brandmal'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *galō(n), *gallēn
Meaning: harm; abscess
Old Norse: galli m. `Fehler, Schaden'
Old Swedish: galle `Fehler, Schaden, Schmerz'
Danish: galle `Fehler, Schaden, Schmerz'
Old English: gealla, -an m. `gall, fretted place on the skin'
English: gall
Middle Dutch: gaele `Hautkrankheit'
Dutch: gal f. `gezwel bij paarden'
Middle Low German: gale `huiduitslag', galle `gal, gezwel'
Low German: galle `unfruchtbare Stelle im Acker'
Middle High German: galle wk. f. 'geschwulst über dem knie am hinterbeine des pferdes'
German: { Galle `Geschwulst, Fehler im Gestein, im Acker usw.' }
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-oswed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-lg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 612
Root: ĝhal-, ĝhal-ar-
English meaning: flaw, defect
German meaning: `Schade, Gebrechen'
Material: Air. galar n. `Krankheit, Kummer', cymr. corn. galar `luctus, planctus'; aisl. galli m. `Makel, Fehler, Schaden' (aber gealla m. `wundgeriebene Stelle beim Pferde', engl. gall ds., mnd. galle `beschädigte Stelle', mhd. galle `Geschwulst am Pferde, fehlerhafte Stelle im Gestein', nhd. galle `Geschwulst, Fehler im Gestein, im Acker usw.' sind mit Galle =Gall-apfel aus lat. galla entlehnt);
lit. žalà `Schaden, Verletzung', žalìngas `bösartig, schädlich', lett. zalba, zolba `Schaden, Verletzung am Körper' (oder aus dem Russischen entlehnt? s. Endzelin KZ. 44, 66);
vielleicht auch klruss. zolok `die schmerzhafteste Stelle einer Wunde', russ. nazóla `Gram, Kummer, Ärger'.
Pedersen (Hitt. 46) vergleicht mit air. galar hitt. kal-la-ar (kallar) `schlecht'.
References: WP. I 540, WH. I 580.
Pages: 411
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *gi̯òlo
Meaning: to be unhappy, endure
Russian meaning: быть несчастным, терпеть
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *Kol-
Meaning: to beg
Russian meaning: просить (милостыню), умолять
Old Turkic: qol- (Yen., OUygh.)
Uzbek: qɔlčir 'Verleumder' (KW 183)
Sary-Yughur: qol-
Yakut: kulu 'give (imper.)'
Karaim: qol-
Comments: VEWT 277, EDT 616, ЭСТЯ 6, 36-37. Turk. > WMong. qolčir, KW xoĺčr 'verschwenderisch, leichtsinnig' (KW 183). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-sjg,turcet-jak,turcet-krmx,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *golu-
Meaning: to be unhappy with smth., consider smth. bad
Russian meaning: презирать, не любить
Written Mongolian: ɣolu-, ɣol- (L 359) Middle Mongolian: qolu- (HY 36) Khalkha: golo-
Buriat: golo-
Kalmuck: ɣol-
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *gil-
Meaning: 1 to be sore, ache (of heart, wounds) 2 to be sad, annoyed, indignant
Russian meaning: 1 ныть, болеть (о сердце, ране) 2 грустить, досадовать, негодовать
Evenki: gilka- 1
Even: gịlko- 1
Literary Manchu: gila-, giŋqa-, giŋGa-, gilaǯa-, gilača- 2
Ulcha: gil-, gē̂l- 1
Orok: gilči- 1
Nanai: Gịlkị̄- 1
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kǝ̀rápá- (~-uo-)
Meaning: to endure
Russian meaning: терпеть, выносить
Middle Japanese: korafa-
Tokyo: koraé-
Kyoto: kòràè-
Kagoshima: kòràè-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 343
Proto: *kolja
English meaning: evil spirit
German meaning: böser Geist
Finnish: kolja 'Riese', koljo 'Koloß, unförmige Gestalt, Ungetüm'
Estonian: koll (gen. kolli) 'Popanz'
Saam (Lapp): kal'ja (L) 'hohe, gerade Kiefer mit astfreiem Schaft' ?
Udmurt (Votyak): ki̮ĺ (S), kǝ̑ĺ (K) 'schwere Krankheit; ein böser Geist, der schwere Krankheiten verbreitet', kị̑ĺ (G) 'Fieber, Typhus; Krankheitsgeist'
Komi (Zyrian): kuĺ (SP V) 'Wassergeist, Teufel' ( > Khanty Mj. kŏḷ, DN kŏl, O kŏĺ 'Teufel; Wassergeist', Mansi küĺ (KU), kuĺ (So.) 'Teufel, böser Geist')
Mansi (Vogul): kooĺnɔ̄̈jǝr (KM) 'unreiner Geist', kuĺnājǝr (P) 'Richter der Unterwelt; Teufel', χuĺ-ɔ̄tǝr (So.) 'Herrscher der Unterwelt'
Hungarian: hagy-máz (dial.) 'hitziges Fieber, wobei man immer phantasiert; Typhus; (altung.) Fallsucht'
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-saa,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *gōḷ-
Meaning : grief
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *gōḷ-/*gōẓ-
Meaning : grief, lament
Kannada : gōḷ, gōẓ
Kannada meaning : sound of howling lamenting, wailing, or roaring
Kannada derivates : goḷō the sound produced in lamentation and weeping
Kodagu : gōḷɨ
Kodagu meaning : struggling, agony
Tulu : gōlu, gōḷu
Tulu meaning : grief, lamentation
Number in DED : 2252
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *gōḷ
Meaning : sorrow
Kota : gōḷ, gōḷm
Additional forms : Also Kota gōḷō excl. used in songs; gȯ̇̇ in- (id_-) to lament
Number in DED : 2252
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-addition,ktet-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *gōḍ-
Meaning : grief, affliction, a long and sad story or account
Telugu : gōḍu
Additional forms : Also gōla wailing, loud outcry, howl; gōlu loud noise or outcry; gōlugōlu onom. crying or lamentation
Number in DED : 2252
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVLV
Meaning : painful state, grief
Notes : In Alt. cf. also PT *Kɨla-ɣu 'болезнь скота' (?). In Sem. cf. also SSem. glw-.
Reference : МССНЯ 331 (+337 Drav.-Kartv.), ОСНЯ 1, 229, ND 612. globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-notes,globet-reference,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVlal-
Meaning: be weak
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-egy,afaset-ech,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: gnn (AE)
Meaning: 'be weak'
Notes: Note -n- < *-l-
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,egyet-notes,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *gyalal-
Meaning: 'weak' 1, 'old (person)' 2
Gabri: gelāle 1 [Lk: 88]
Mokilko: góólè 2 [JMkk]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-gbr,echet-mkk,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Gwāɫħó
Meaning: bad, angry; anger, quarrel
Comments and references : WFR 49; somewhat different in HGC 34. The Sym word may in fact also reflect *χwĭɫʔV q.v. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *Gwāɫħo ( ~ -ǝ)
Meaning: gossip, rumour; offence, anger
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *qēl
Meaning: 1 sentence, fate 2 custom 3 court, justice
Chechen: qel 1
Ingush: qel 1
Batsbi: qel 2,3
Comments: Obl. base *qēla- (Chech. qēla-, Ing. qelo). 4th class in all languages.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ʁʷVlV
Meaning: gossip, rumour; abuse
Avar: ʁʷel
Comments: Av. paradigm B ~ C (gen. ʁʷalí-l).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: q:aI
Meaning: gossip, rumour
Lak form: q:aI
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *ʁʷaj ( ~ ʁ-)
Meaning: rumour, news
Akusha: ʁaj
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *qIal(:)
Meaning: offence, anger
Lezghian: qel
Tabasaran: qIal
Agul: qIal
Rutul: qIal
Tsakhur: qIal (Mishl.)
Budukh: qele
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Nüt. qIaIl. Obl. base *qIola- (Lezg. qile-, Tab. qIula-, Tsakh. /with vowel levelling/ qIalɨ-). 3d class in Rut. and Tsakh., 4th class in Bud.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-bud,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: qol
North Caucasian etymology: 2107
Meaning: offence
Khinalug form: qol
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Gǝ̄wH (/*Gh-)
Meaning: scold, offend
Tibetan: ãkhu-ba to offend, insult.
Burmese: khuʔ be angry.
Lushai: hau to scold, abuse.
Comments: Coblin 98.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-lush,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 詬
Modern (Beijing) reading: gòu
Preclassic Old Chinese: kōʔ
Classic Old Chinese: kṓ
Western Han Chinese: kwā́
Eastern Han Chinese: kwā́
Early Postclassic Chinese: kṓw
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kǝ̄̀w
Late Postclassic Chinese: kǝ̄̀w
Middle Chinese: kʌ́w
English meaning : revile, disgrace [LZ]
Russian meaning[s]: стыдить; поносить, ругать
Comments: Also read *khōʔ-s (MC khл̀w, Pek. kòu) and *xōʔ-s (MC xл̀w, Pek. hòu) id.
Radical: 149
Four-angle index: 1137
Karlgren code: 0112 f
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *kúk
Meaning: scold
Tulung: kuk- scold, be angry with (also knock, bruise, thresh)
Kaling: 'kunä ('kuktu) revile, hurt with words
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-yam,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: kakma I
Stem: <kag- ; kak->
Grammar: v.intr.
Meaning: to fight, to quarrel.
Nepali: jhagaḍā garnu
yamet-prnum,yamet-stem,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-nepali,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *qǝr- (χ-)
Meaning: bad-tempered, angry
Yug: xʌrɨń5
Comments: ССЕ 259. Werner 2, 398 <*qǝʎǝn>.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-sym,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *ɣul
Meaning: hate, enmity
Hunza: ɣul
Nagar: ɣul
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *bur(a)ho
Meaning: curse, blasphemy
Bizkaian: birao, birago
Gipuzkoan: birao, (Andoain) birago, (Gabiria, Itziar) irao
High Navarrese: buro, burro
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) burho
Lapurdian: burho, buro
Zuberoan: burhau
Comments: Cf. the similar phonetic development of *buɫhar̄ 'breast, chest' < *burha-r̄ < *Gwălɦē. Cf. also ZBR bürhói 'brusque, rude'; ? (with -l- preserved) (ZBR-arc) bilha-ka ‘fight, struggle’, bilha-kaide ‘fight, discord’; ‘hatred, enmity, quarrel, argument’. The relationship of RNC irago, idago 'cry, clamor' and GIP irao is unclear - a different etymon contaminated with *bur(a)ho?
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-comments,
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