Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳaṗ-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: палка, трость

English meaning: stick, cane

Georgian: ḳaṗ- 'stick; (Pshav.) branch, twig'

Megrel: ḳoṗ-ul-

Svan: ḳäṗ

Laz: ḳoṗ-al-

Laz meaning (Rus.): ветвь

Laz meaning (Eng.): branch

Notes and references: Фенрих 1980, 179, EWK 184. ?Ср. алт. *k`ību 'ручка'.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳVbV

Meaning: handle, stick

Indo-European: *kū(m)ber-

Altaic: *k`ibù

Kartvelian: *ḳaṗ-

Comments: [Other possibilities: for PA *k`ibù cf. PIE *g'obh- 320; for PIE *kū(m)ber- cf. PA *kabari (690)]

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *kūb-, *kumb-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: swelling, salience, crooked stick, handle

Old Indian: kū́bara- m./n., kūbarī́ f. `the pole of a carriage or the wooden frame to which the yoke is fixed'; kúmba- m. n. `the thick end (of a bone or a club); a k. of head-dress for women'

Old Greek: kübernáō `steuern; leiten, regieren'; kǘmbakho-s m. `Helmspitaze, Helmkugel'; kǘmbakho- `kopfüber fallend'; kǘmbǟ (EM) Kopf

Baltic: *kumb-r-a-, -ia- c., *kumbur-a-, -ia- c. (Lith CIRC / Lett AC)

Germanic: *xamp-ō(n-) f., *ximp-ō(n-) f., *xump-a- m., -ō(n-) f., etc.

Russ. meaning: выпуклость, толстый конец; изогнутая деревяга, рукоять

References: WP I 370 f, 467

Comments: Probably 2 contaminated roots (*kūber- 'handle' and *kumb- 'swelling').

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *kumb-r-a-, -ia- c., *kumbur-a-, -ia- c. (Lith CIRC / Lett AC)

Meaning: salience, swelling, handle

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: kumbrī̃-s, kum̃bri-s `Krummholz am Joch, Jochbogen, Schiffsrippe, kleine Bodenserhebung, Erdhügel, Gipfel', kum̃bura-s, kumburī̃-s `Krummholz', kum̃bras `krummer Griff am Steuerruder'

Lettish: kum̃brs, kum̃bris, kum̃bra `Buckel; Halswirbel, vorstehender Knochen des Genicks, Rist (bei Pferden); Auswuchs, Knoten am Baum', kum̃burs `Auswuchs, Knorren (am Baum); Erhöhung, Erhabenheit, Anhöhe, Höcker', kumburis 'kleine Erhöhung auf ebener Fläche'; kùmt (kumstu, kumu) 'krumm, buckelig werden', kumbt `krumm werden, verwachse, verschrumpfen'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *xampō(n), *ximpō(n), *xumpa-z, -ō(n), etc.

Meaning: hump, hill, croupe

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: aptr-hupp-r m. `Hinterteil der Pferdehütte', NIsl hupp-ur

Norwegian: hump n. `Unebenheit, Knorren, Knollen', hupp, hump `Weiche (beim Vieh); Bergknollen'

English: hump (since XVIII)

East Frisian: hump, humpe `brok, homp', hampe `id.', Fris hompe, himpe `id.'

Dutch: homp f.

Middle Low German: hümpel `Häuflein'

Low German: humpe f. `dickes Stück'; humpel `niedriger Erdhügel'

German: [ Humpen `grote beker' < MD ]

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`ibù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: handle

Russian meaning: рукоятка

Turkic: *Kiben-te

Mongolian: *kiɣi-

Tungus-Manchu: *xīb-

Japanese: *kúpá

Comments: Standard Jpn. accent does not correspond to PTM length; however, length here may be compensatory (cf. loss of *-b in most TM languages).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kiben-te

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: shoulder yoke

Russian meaning: коромысло

Tatar: köjɛntɛ

Chuvash: kǝʷvende

Kazakh: küjeŋte

Noghai: küjen

Bashkir: köjɛntɛ

Comments: VEWT 306 (the word should be distinguished from *Küb- 'to pound' q. v. sub *gi̯ube).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kiɣi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 handle of a bucket 2 violin

Russian meaning: 1 ручка ведра 2 скрипка

Written Mongolian: kikili ( = kigili) 2 (L 465)

Khalkha: xijl 2

Buriat: xiila 1

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xīb-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: handle (of axe), shaft (of arrow)

Russian meaning: рукоятка (топора, лопаты), древко (стрелы, копья)

Even: iw-den

Ulcha: sī

Orok: sī

Nanai: sī

Oroch: ī

Udighe: ī (i̯i) (Корм. 236)

Comments: ТМС 1, 295.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kúpá

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hoe, mattock

Russian meaning: мотыга

Middle Japanese: kúfá

Tokyo: kùwa

Kyoto: kùwá

Kagoshima: kúwa

Comments: JLTT 468. Most dialects reflect *kúpá, but Kyoto points to a variant *kùpá.

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