Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *kä[lH]V

Meaning: walk, roam, ford

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: ? *kel-

Altaic: *gèle; TM *guli- 'set out, off'; *kalV ( ~ -ĺ-) 'come near' 743

Uralic: *kälä (cf. also kulke under *ḳoĺV); Sk. qäl- 'run, walk'

Kartvelian: *gwal- [or Megr. (n)kill- 'to roam']

Dravidian: NDr *kāl- 'to go, lead' (if separate from *ḱā-)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: Chuk. *ɣala- (336)

Comments: ? слав. гулять (ср. картв.)

References: At least two roots. МССНЯ 332, ОССНЯ 1, 293-294; ND 616 *gUlE (TM *guli-, Ur. *kulke, Kartv. *gwal-); 869 *kal̄(ʔ)V 'approach, come' (Sk. qäl- + Alt. *kalV + SH *kal-); 872 *käl(h)V 'to walk, wade' (Ur. *kälä- + Alt. *gele [only Turk. and Kor.] + Drav. + again SH *kal-); Greenberg 71 adds IE *kel-; ND 1063 *ḳUĺʕ[ü/u] 'track(s), way; to go, travel' (IE *kel-, ObU *kVĺV 'track(s), sign' +SH). A great deal of confusion here.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *kel-

Meaning: road

Old Greek: kéleu̯tho-s, pl. -oi̯/-a f. `Weg, Pfad, Bahn, Reise'; a-kólou̯tho-s `begleitend, Begleiter, -in, entsprechend'

Baltic: *kel-ja-, -i- c., *kel-eû- vb.

Celtic: Ir. cēle `Genosse', Cymr. cilydd `id.'

Russ. meaning: дорога

References: WP I 446 f

Comments: Celt. - differently attributed in Pok.

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *kel-ja-, -i- c., *kel-eû- vb.

Meaning: way, road

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: kẽlia-s, žem. kẽli-s `Weg, Strasse, Bahn'; keliáuti 'wandern, reisen',

Lettish: cel̨š `Weg, Strasse, Bahn, Reise', cel̨uôt 'reisen, wandern'

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 892

Root: keleu-

English meaning: to wander; way

German meaning: `wandern; Weg'

General comments: wohl Erweiterung von kel-5.

Material: Gr. κέλευθος f. `Weg' (aus *κλευ-θο-ς nach ἐλευθ- umgeformt), ἱππο-κέλευθος `zu Pferd sich fortbewegend', ἀ-κόλουθος (*ἁ- = sm̥-) `Begleiter';

    lit. keliáuju `reise' (kẽlias `Weg' wohl erst postverbal).

References: WP. I 446, Kretschrner Gl. 20, 253, E. Fraenkel, Mél. Boisacq I 374 f.

Pages: 554

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *gĕ̀le

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to come; to go

Russian meaning: приходить; идти

Turkic: *gẹl-

Mongolian: *gel-

Tungus-Manchu: *gel-

Korean: *ká-

Japanese: *kǝ̀-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 99, 274. The verb loses the final resonant in Jpn., Kor. and in some forms of the Turkic paradigm: this must be an archaic feature (also present in some other frequently used verbs), speaking perhaps in favour of the root's original monosyllabic structure (*gèl).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *gẹl-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to come

Russian meaning: приходить

Old Turkic: kel- (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: kel- (MK, KB)

Turkish: gel-

Tatar: kil-

Middle Turkic: kẹl- (Abush., Pav. C.)

Uzbek: kel-

Uighur: käl-/kil-

Sary-Yughur: kel-

Azerbaidzhan: gäl-

Turkmen: gel-

Khakassian: kil-

Shor: kel- (R)

Oyrat: kel-

Halaj: käl-

Chuvash: kil-

Yakut: kel-

Dolgan: kel-

Tuva: kel-

Tofalar: kel-

Kirghiz: kel-

Kazakh: kel-

Noghai: kel-

Bashkir: kil-

Balkar: kel-

Gagauz: gel-

Karaim: kel-

Karakalpak: kel-

Salar: gel-, gej-

Kumyk: gel-

Comments: VEWT 248; EDT 715, ЭСТЯ 3, 14-16, 31-32, Stachowski 143. The Chuv. and Yak. vowels correspond irregularly.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *gel-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to walk slowly

Russian meaning: ходить медленно

Written Mongolian: geldüri- (L 375), gelderi-, gelgüri-

Middle Mongolian: geli- 'hinterherlaufen, einholen' (SH)

Khalkha: geldre-

Kalmuck: geldṛ-

Dagur: geldure- (Тод. Даг. 131)

Comments: KW 132.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *gel-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to get hardly on one's way

Russian meaning: трогаться с места, с трудом собираться в путь

Evenki: gel-

Orok: gilin-

Comments: ТМС 1, 150, 178.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *ká-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to go (away)

Russian meaning: идти, уходить

Modern Korean: ka-

Middle Korean: ká-

Comments: Nam 2, KED 6.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kǝ̀-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to come

Russian meaning: приходить

Old Japanese: ko-

Middle Japanese: kú

Tokyo: kú-

Kyoto: kù-

Kagoshima: kú-

Nase: kj-

Shuri: č-

Hateruma: kù-

Yonakuni: kù-

Comments: JLTT 716. The RJ form is kú (final), but modern dialects point unanimously to *kǝ̀- (perhaps there was a metatony in this irregular paradigm).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 261

Proto: *kälä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to ford

German meaning: waten

Finnish: kahlaa-, kaalaa- 'waten' ( < Saam.?)

Estonian: kahla- 'брести в воде, переходить' ( < Finn.?)

Saam (Lapp): galle-, -āl- (N) 'wade', kāllē- (L) 'waten', kā_ille- (Kld. Not.)

Mordovian: keĺe- (E), käĺe- (M)

Mari (Cheremis): kelä- (KB), kela- (U B)

Udmurt (Votyak): kol- (S) 'ins Wasser treten', kolị̑- (G) 'waten'

Komi (Zyrian): kel- (S), kȯ^.l- (PO)

Khanty (Ostyak): kül- (V), kit- (DN), kil- (O) 'aufsteigen; an Land gehen'

Mansi (Vogul): k_oäl- (TJ), k_oɔ̈l- (KU), k_oāl- 'aufstehen; landen', kāl- ~ k_oal-, kal- 'aufstehen, fahren, kommen'

Hungarian: kel- 'aufstehen, sich erheben', át-kel- 'hinüberfahren', kelet 'Ost; (altung.) Furt, Obergang', kelő 'Furt über die kleine Bäche'

Selkup: (qǝl- 'zu Fuß gehen' - rejected by Redei)

Sammalahti's version: *kälä-

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *gwal-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: идти (импер.)

English meaning: to go (imper.)

Georgian: Old Georg. gwale

Svan: gwal, gwäle

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 60, EWK 81-82. Ср. алт. *gele 'идти, приходить' (хотя вокализм неясен).

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *k̂ā-

Meaning : to go

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *sā-

Proto-Telugu : *cā-g-

Proto-North Dravidian : *kā-

Brahui : kā-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *sā-

Meaning : to go, proceed

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : cāy (-v-, -nt-)

Tamil meaning : to march in crowds, happen, succeed

Kannada : sāgu

Kannada meaning : to go, move forward, proceed, advance, continue in time, last, come upon with grievous effect (as trouble), be brought about, achieved, or accomplished

Kannada derivates : sāgu, sāga advance, improvement, cultivation, tillage; sāgavaḷi, sāguvaḷi cultivation; sāgisu to cause to go or go on, carry on, cause to proceed or advance, perform or do, conduct, carry on, manage, convey, sustain, maintain, foster, nourish, cultivate

Tulu : sāguni

Tulu meaning : to proceed, progress (as work), be dispatched (as goods), move forward, advance

Tulu derivates : sāgu prosecution, progress, as of work; sāgāvuni to expedite (as work), send, dispatch (as goods), do a thing perfunctorily; sāguvaḷi, sāgoḷi, sāgvaḷi farming, tillage, cultivation of land

Proto-Nilgiri : *Sāg-

Number in DED : 2430

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *Sāg-

Meaning : (man) becomes old, (span of time) is past, (disease) is cured, (possessions) are moved from one house to another

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : cāg- (cāyg-)

Additional forms : Also Kota cāgc- (cāgc-) to live, shift (possessions) from one house to another

Number in DED : 2430

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *cā-g-

Meaning : to go on, proceed, get on, advance, continue, last, be successful, be effective, take effect; n. cultivation, tillage

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : cāgu

Dialectal forms (1) : sāgu

Additional forms : Also sāgincu to conduct, carry on, proceed with, continue; sāgubaḍi cultivation, tillage

Notes : Telugu forms with s- borrowed from Kannada.

Number in DED : 2430

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *kā-

Meaning : to go

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : kānā (past keras, fut. kālos, kāos; imper. kalā; gerund kālā) "to go, lead to (as a road), progress favourably, go on, continue, perish, pass (of time), come to an end, (stomach) has diarrhoea, bring oneself to, be able to

Malto : kāle "(no past tense) to go, come to"

Number in DED : 1419

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : kā-

Meaning : (pres. indef. kāv, kās, kāe, kān, kāre, kār; pres.fut. kāva, kāsa, kāik, kāna, kāre, kāra; kāmbo let us (incl.) go) "to go, depart, etc." (see hi-n-ing)

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Number in DED : 1419

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVLV

Meaning : walk, roam, ford

Eurasiatic : *kä[lH]V

Afroasiatic : *gal- (also *kal- 679)

Sino-Caucasian : *ɣaɫʔV

Austric : PAN *kali 'canal, ditch'?

African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-kíd- 'pass; surpass'.

Notes : ? Slav. гулять (Cf. Kartv.)

Reference : МССНЯ 332, ОССНЯ 1, 293-294, ND 616 *gUlE.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gal-

Meaning: go, enter

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *gVwVl- 'go, travel'

Berber: *gVl(Vw)- 'go'

Western Chadic: *gVl- 'run'1, 'follow' 2

Central Chadic: *gal- 'follow'

East Chadic: *gal- 'go out'

Saho-Afar: *gal-/*gil- 'run' 1, 'go' 2

Low East Cushitic: *gal- 'enter'

High East Cushitic: *gal- 'enter'

Omotic: *gal- 'enter'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 433

Proto-Semitic: *gVwVl-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'go'

Arabic: gwl [-u-]

Notes: Secondary interfix -w-. Cf. Arab glw 'migrate, resettle'

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *gVl(Vw)-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'go'

Qabyle (Ayt Mangellat): glu

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *gVl-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 1 'run', 2 'follow'

Sha: gal 1 {JgR]

Kulere: gul 2 [JgR]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *gal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'follow'

Buduma=Yedina: gā́là [lBud]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *gal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'go out' 1, 'lead, accompany' 2

Ndam: gál-ǯóŋo [CLR: 165]

Tobanga (=Gabri Nord): gǝ̀le 2 [CTC]

Mobu (dial. Kwang): gale

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *gal-/*gil-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'run' 1, 'go' 2

Saho: gil 1

Afar (Danakil): gal 2

Notes: SA reflects an alternation *a ̃ *i

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *gal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'enter'

Somali: gal-

Oromo (Galla): gala

Arbore: gal-

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *gal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'enter'

Burji (Bambala, Dashe): gal-

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *gal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'enter'

Ometo: gal-

Anfillo (Southern Mao): gal-

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɣáɫʔV

Meaning: to step over, ford

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ɣaɫʔV̆

Comments and references : WFR (not quite secure). [ST transferred to *xḳɨ̆́wɫV].

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ɣaɫʔV̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: step; interval between legs

Proto-Nakh: *ʁa

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *gVlV

Notes: A Nakh-Avar isogloss.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʁa ( ~ -ā-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 step 2 interval between legs, groin

Chechen: ʁa-š 1

Ingush: ʁa 1

Batsbi: ʁa 2

Comments: In Chech. the root is used only in the former plural form (ʁa-š) with the meaning 'a side-step'. 4th class in Chech., 6th class in Ing., 8th class in Bacb.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *gVlV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: step

Avar: gáli

Comments: Av. paradigm C (galú-l, gála-bi).

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