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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *c`VrV
Meaning: dirt
Indo-European: *k'er- (rather *(s)ḱer-)
References: ND 318 *ć[ä]ŕV 'dirt, dung, defecate' (+ Mhr. syr); ND 2125 *śihaŕu 'dirt, earth' (same Ural. + Alt. + same Drav. + ?IE *sroup- + Arab., Eg.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *k'er-
Meaning: cacare, faeces
Avestan: sairya- 'Dünger, Mist'
Other Iranian: MPers. sargōn, Pers. sargīn id.
References: Fraenkel 764
piet-meaning,piet-avest,piet-iran,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: срать,
Near etymology: с(е)ру́, се́решь, се́рет, укр. сра́ти, серу́, се́решь; стар. 3 л. ед. ч. серет (Аввакум 145), болг. сера́ (Младенов 578), сербохорв. сра̏ти, се̏ре̑м, словен. sráti, sérjem, чеш. sráti, seru, séřeš, séře, слвц. srаt᾽, польск. srać, siorę, sierzesz, в.-луж. srać, seru, н.-луж. sraś, seru.
Further etymology: Праслав. *sьrati, serǫ связано чередованием с сор (см.); ср. Брандт, РФВ 24, 150; родственно лтш. sãrn̨i мн. "отбросы, грязь", авест. sаirуа- "навоз, помет", нов.-перс. sargīn -- то же, др.-инд. c̨árdhatē, аvаc̨аrdhауаti "pedit"; см. Перссон, Beitr. 167 и сл.; Траутман, ВSW 303; Мейе, МSL 14, 378; М.--Э. 3, 806 и сл.; Сольмсен, Beitr. 161; Wochenschr. f. klass. Phil., 1906, 871. Не представляется более вероятным сравнение с др.-инд. sárati "течет", sarás "жидкий", лат. serum "сыворотка", вопреки Младенову (578), Зубатому (LF 28, 31).
Pages: 3,740
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *čar̂-w-a- c., *čar̂-n-a-, -ia- c. (1)
Meaning: faeces
Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology
Lithuanian: šárvai pl. 'Menstrua der Weiber'
Lettish: sãrn̨i, sā̀rn̨i, sãrni pl. 'Schlacken; Weiberkrankheit, Blum der Weiber, Monatsreinigung; Exkremente'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *si̯ắŕi
Meaning: earth, sand; marsh
Russian meaning: земля, песок; болото
Comments: KW 365, Poppe 30, 60, 114, VEWT 406 (without the Korean parallel), AKE 8, EAS 155, Miller 1985b, 205, АПиПЯЯ 291, Дыбо 11, Мудрак Дисс. 195, Лексика 93. Despite Poppe 1972, 100, Doerfer MT 65, the TM form is hardly borrowed from Mong. The Turk.-Mong. match is characterized by Doerfer (TMN 3, 222), in his usual style, as "lautlich und semantisch unsicher". In Kor. cf. perhaps also MKor. hɨ̀rì- 'dirty' ( < *hằri with vowel assimilation?). altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *siaŕ
Meaning: marsh, dirt
Russian meaning: болото, грязь
Tatar: saz
Uzbek: sɔz
Uighur: saz
Khakassian: sas
Oyrat: sas
Chuvash: šor(ъ)
Kirghiz: saz
Noghai: saz
Bashkir: haδ
Comments: It is not quite clear whether the Oghuz name for 'reed' (Tur. saz, Turkm., Gag. sāz, see Лексика 135, ЭСТЯ 7) and 'swamp' as 'reed growth' (Tur. sazlɨk, Turkm. sāzlɨq) belongs here, too, or else reflect a different root. In the former case one should prefer the reconstruction *siāŕ. See VEWT 406, TMN 3, 222, Лексика 93, ЭСТЯ 7, Федотов 2, 462. Bulg. > Hung. sár 'dirt', see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 3, 487-488. turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-krg,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *siro-
Meaning: earth
Russian meaning: земля
Written Mongolian: siraɣu, siruɣa(i), siroi (L 719) Middle Mongolian: šira'u (HY 2), širo'ai (SH), širu (IM), širăw, šira- (MA) Khalkha: šorō, šoroj
Buriat: šorōj
Kalmuck: šorǟ, šorā
Ordos: šorō
Dongxian: šǝura
Baoan: širo, śiru
Shary-Yoghur: šǝrū
Comments: KW 365, MGCD 722. Cf. also WMong. sirke, sirki, Kalm. širkǝ 'hard earth (with sand)' (KW 360). monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *siru-
Meaning: sand
Russian meaning: песок
Evenki: sirugī
Negidal: sijun
Jurchen: sir-xe (67)
Ulcha: siru(n)
Nanai: siro(n)
Oroch: sija
Solon: š́iruktā̃
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-neg,tunget-chu,tunget-ulc,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *hằrk
Meaning: earth
Russian meaning: земля
Modern Korean: hɨk [hɨlk]
Middle Korean: hằrk
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *situ
Meaning: damp place, dampness
Russian meaning: влажность, влажное место
Middle Japanese: situ
Tokyo: shitsu
Comments: The word is usually considered to be an on-reading of the Chinese character 濕 MC śip. The latter should normally have a reading MJ sifu, mod. shū (which exists), while situ/shitsu, attested in separate usage since Middle Japanese, appears quite irregular phonetically for a Chinese loan. We should rather think of a genuine *situ, misconceived as a Chinese loanword.
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 951
Proto: *śarV~ (*ćarV)
English meaning: excrement, to defecate
German meaning: Dreck, Scheisse, Kot; scheissen
Mordovian: śerńe-, śärńi- (E), śärńe-, śeŕńe-, śarondo-, śäŕeńd́e- (M) 'scheißen'
Mari (Cheremis): šǝ̑r (KB), šur (U B) 'Scheiße, Dreck, Kot', šara- (KB), šora- (U B) 'scheißen, misten'
Khanty (Ostyak): śɔr (Ni. Kaz.) 'Kot (des Ren- od. Elentiers), (Kaz.) auch vom Menschen'
Hungarian: szar 'Dreck, Scheiße', szar- 'scheißen'
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-mrd,uralet-mar,uralet-khn,uralet-ugr,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *saẓap-
Meaning : cowdung
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *saṛp-
Meaning : cowdung
Naiki : sanap
Parji : carpi
Ollari Gadba : saṛpi
Salur Gadba : saḍpi
Additional forms : Also Salur saṛit (pl. sakkil) bullock
Number in DED : 2402
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-naiki,kogaet-parji,kogaet-ollari,kogaet-salur,kogaet-addition,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *saṛap-
Meaning : cowdung
Notes : Bisyllabic root.
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-kon,gndet-pem,gndet-kui,gndet-notes,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *saṛap-i
Meaning : cowdung
Betul Gondi : sarāpī
Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : saṛápí
Gommu Gondi : saṛap, haṛap
Muria Gondi : haṛap
Maria Gondi : aṛapi
Seoni Gondi : haṛpi, aṛpi
Koya Gondi : aṛap
Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : haṛap
Adilabad Gondi : saḍāpī (SR)
Number in DED : 2402
Number in CVOTGD : 3352
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_tr,gonet-gondi_w,gonet-gondi_g,gonet-gondi_mu,gonet-gondi_ma,gonet-gondi_s,gonet-gondi_ko,gonet-gondi_m,gonet-gondi_a,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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Konda etymology :
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Konda : ṛāpi
Meaning: cowdung
Number in DED : 2402
konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-dednum,
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Pengo-Manda etymology :
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Proto-Pengo-Manda : *ṛāp-i
Meaning : cowdung
Pengo : ṛāpi
Manda : ṛāpi
Number in DED : 2402
pemet-meaning,pemet-prnum,pemet-pengo,pemet-manda,pemet-dednum,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *ṛāp-i
Meaning : cowdung
Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : rāpi
Sunkarametta Kuwi : ṛāpi
Parja Kuwi : ṛāpi
Number in DED : 2402
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kuwi_f,kuiet-kuwi_su,kuiet-kuwi_p,kuiet-dednum,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : CVRV
Meaning : dirt
Afroasiatic : Sem. *sVhr- (?Ar. sāhir-at, Mhr syr); Eg. sr 'dirt'
Austric : PAN *pat'iɣ (*pat'aɣ) 'sand'
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-reference,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *swVré
Meaning: earth, sand
Comments and references : HGC 21, VCQ 5. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *swüre
Meaning: dirt, soot, sand
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular (except that there are usual doubts about the extremely rare vowel *ü). Abdokov (1983, 102) compares PAK *-sa in *ḳaʁʷa-sa 'soot', but the element is rather obscure, and the phonetic side of the comparison is not convincing.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *sirV (~ c-)
Meaning: sand
Andian language: sur
Chamalal: sira (Gig.)
Godoberi: sira
Comments: The vowel -u- in And. is irregular (sur < *siru ?). Cf. also Cham. (U.-Gakv.) sera 'road-metal'.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-and,aandet-chm,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *zar
Meaning: 1 sand, road-metal 2 faeces
Tsezi: zar 1
Ginukh: zaru 1
Bezhta: saj 2
Gunzib: sar 2
Comments: PTsKh *zar(u), PGB *sar. Cf. also Bezht. Tl, Khosh. sar.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *s:uri
Meaning: soot
Akusha: suri
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *sära (~ s:-)
Meaning: 1 soot 2 ashes
Tabasaran: sirin 1
Rutul: ser (Shin.) 1
Tsakhur: sera 2 (Tsakh.)
Comment: The Tab. form contains a frequent suffix -(i)n.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *srāj
Meaning: sand
Tibetan: sa earth
Burmese: sajh sand, LB *[ś]ajx.
Lushai: Haka thet-se 'sand'
Comments: PG *sa; Trung a3-sa1; Kanauri śo; Tani *sɨ-, Konyak *sVi, Naga *sV 'sand', Chepang saʔ 'earth', Sichuan *ṣV- 'sand'. Sh. 52, 123, 135; Mat. 182; Peiros-Starostin 218; Coblin 129.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-lush,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 沙
Modern (Beijing) reading: shā
Preclassic Old Chinese: srāj
Classic Old Chinese: srāj
Western Han Chinese: ṣāj
Eastern Han Chinese: ṣǟ
Early Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄
Late Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄
Middle Chinese: ṣạ
English meaning : sand
Russian meaning[s]: 1) песок; песчаный; пески, отмель; 2) крупинки; крупитчатый; 3) сиплый; охрипший; 4) просевать; отсеивать, очищать; 5) Ша (фамилия)
Comments: Also used for a homonymous *srāj 'satin (?)' (in inscriptions), later written as 紗 'muslin, a k. of cloth, thread, fibre'. Viet. has borrowed this word from two dialectal sources as Viet. sa and Viet. the. An older loan from the same source may be Viet. sọ'i 'filament, fibre, thread'.
Radical: 85
Four-angle index: 4069
Karlgren code: 0016 a-c
Vietnamese reading: sa
Jianchuan Bai: so4-
Dali Bai: so4-
Bijiang Bai: śo4-
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 423
Character: 沙
MC description : 假開二平麻生
ZIHUI: 3097 0072
Beijing: ṣa 11
Jinan: ṣa 11
Xi'an: sa 11
Taiyuan: sa 1
Hankou: sa 11
Chengdu: sa 11
Yangzhou: sâ 11
Suzhou: so 11
Wenzhou: so 11
Changsha: sa 11
Shuangfeng: so 11
Nanchang: sa 11
Meixian: sa 11
Guangzhou: ša 11
Xiamen: sua 11; sa 11 (lit.)
Chaozhou: sua 11
Fuzhou: sa 11
Shanghai: so 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: ša 1
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *se-krem
Meaning: sand
Tulung: sekre
Kaling: 'sekhle
Comments: Toba 95 *seklem.
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-kul,kiret-notes,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: serɔm
Grammar: n.
Meaning: sand
Nepali: bāluvā.
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *saurnV
Meaning: pus
Bizkaian: zorna
Gipuzkoan: zorne, zorna
High Navarrese: zorna
Low Navarrese: zorne
Lapurdian: zorne, (arc) zaurne, zaurna
Comments: The archaic form zaurna was recorded by Silvain Pouvreau (17th cent.).
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-comments,
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