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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *dVgV
Meaning: back
Dravidian: *ḍog- 'back' (Kol., Gnd., ?Kui - DED 2979)
References: МССНЯ 331, ОСНЯ 215-216; ND 505 *dagurV 'shoulder-blade as part of back', 510 *daka 'back of the body, behind' (+ dubious SH). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-esk,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *dagV
Meaning: shoulder bone, back
Russian meaning: плечевая кость, спина
Comments: Владимирцов 318, Колесникова 1972а, 89-91. A Western isogloss. Despite Щербак 1997, 121 Mong. is not < Turk. Turk. *jagɨr represents in fact a merger of two different original roots (see *ńĕka). See also TMN 4, 177-178 (with unconvincing criticism). altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *jagɨr, *jagrɨn
Meaning: back, shoulderblade
Russian meaning: спина, лопатка
Turkish: jaɣrɨ, dial. jaɣɨr, jaɣrɨ
Tatar: jawɨrɨn, jawɨrnɨ, ǯawɨr (dial.)
Uzbek: jaɣrin
Turkmen: jaɣɨrnɨ; jaɣɨrɨn, jaɣrɨn (dial.)
Noghai: jawɨrɨn
Bashkir: jawɨrɨn (dial.)
Kumyk: jawrun
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-trm,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *dajira / *daɣari
Meaning: 1 withers 2 abrasion, sore on back of animal
Russian meaning: 1 холка 2 ссадина на спине животного
Written Mongolian: dajira 1 (L 222: dajir 2), daɣari 2 (L 218) Middle Mongolian: da'ari 1 (SH), dari 2 (MA) Khalkha: dajr 1, 2
Buriat: dāri, dajr 2
Kalmuck: dǟrǝ 1
Ordos: dāri 2
Dongxian: daru-san 2
Dagur: dāre (MD 131), dāri, dāŕ (Тод. Даг. 135), dār 2, Shary-Yoghur: dārǝ 2
Monguor: dārǝ, dāri (SM 45) 2 monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *daga-
Meaning: hip, hip bone, shoulder bone
Russian meaning: бедро, бедренная кость, плечевая кость
Evenki: daɣańa
Negidal: daɣańa
Literary Manchu: dabsi 'shoulder'
Orok: dāna
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-neg,tunget-man,tunget-ork,tunget-reference,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1032
Proto: *taka
English meaning: behind
German meaning: Hinterraum, das Hintere
Finnish: taka- 'Hinter-' (in comp.), takaa 'hinter; von hinten', takaisin 'zurück', takana 'hinter; hinten', taakse
Estonian: taga (gen. taga, taa) 'Hinterraum', taga 'hinten', tagant
Saam (Lapp): duokke -g_- 'that which is behind someone or something', duokken, duokkĕn, duokkai (postp.) 'behind' (N), tuohkē 'Platz, Raum hinter etw.', tuokēn, tuokēs, tuohkāi (postp.) 'hinter, (von) hinter', tūikken (Kld.) 'hinter; wegen', tuøkka, tokka (A) 'hinter'
Nenets (Yurak): t́aχāʔ 'dorthin', t́āχana 'dort', t́āχād 'von dort' (O)
Enets (Yen): tehone (Ch.), tahone (B) 'hinten', tahaʔ 'hinter'
Nganasan (Tawgi): taka 'das hinten befindliche, Rückseite', takana 'hinten', takada 'von hinten', tagaŋ 'nach hinten'
Selkup: tak, tag 'das hinten Gelegene', takt, tag, tâ 'nach hinten', takkan, tagan, tân 'hinten, von hinten' (Castr.); taa-, tā, tå, tākti̮, tåkti̮ 'hinten, hinter' (Ta.)
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-saa,uralet-nen,uralet-enc,uralet-nga,uralet-slk,
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Eskimo etymology :
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Proto-Eskimo: *taʁtu
Meaning: kidney
Russian meaning: почки (анатом.)
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 334
esqet-prnum,esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,esqet-inup,esqet-refer,
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Yupik etymology :
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Proto-Yupik: *taʁtu
Meaning: side 1, kidney 2
Russian Meaning: бок 1, почка 2
Sirenik: táχta 1
Naukan: táχtu 2
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: taχtu(q) 2
Chugach (Birket-Smith): taχto 2
Central Alaskan Yupik: taχtuq 2
Nunivak (Peripheral): taχtu* 2
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 334
yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-sir,yupet-nauk,yupet-aay,yupet-chgm,yupet-cay,yupet-nun,yupet-ced,
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Inupik etymology :
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Proto-Inupik: *tạqtụ
Meaning: kidney
Russian meaning: почка
SPI Dialects: Imaq táqtok du., W taqtu (ūk, ut)
North Alaskan Inupik: taqtu
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl taqtu*, Qaw taqtu
Western Canadian Inupik: taqtu
WCI Dialects: Cor, M taqtu*
Eastern Canadian Inupik: taqtuq
Greenlandic Inupik: taʁtu (tarto*)
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 334
inupet-prnum,inupet-meaning,inupet-rmean,inupet-spis,inupet-nai,inupet-nais,inupet-wci,inupet-wcis,inupet-eci,inupet-gri,inupet-ced,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : TVKV
Meaning : nape; back
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tikk-/*tiyuk- (?)
Meaning: occiput, neck
Notes: Scarce data.
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-wch,afaset-notes,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 79
Proto-Semitic: *tikk- ~ (?) *tinuk-
Meaning: 'occiput , neck' 1 ~ (?) *tinuk- 'ear-lobe'
Akkadian: tikk- 1
Hebrew: (?) tǝnūk 2
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-akk,semet-hbr,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *tiyuk-
Meaning: 'neck' 1, 'occiput' 2
Mupun: took 1 [FrM]
Sura: tɔ̄k 2 [JgS], tok 1 [Kr]
Angas: tȯk 1 [Fl], čok 1 {Kr N 49]
Chip: tɔk 1
Montol: tok 1
Ankwe=Goemai: tiyǝ̀k 1
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-gwn,wchet-sur,wchet-ang,wchet-chp,wchet-mnt,wchet-ank,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *wHénχe ( ~ -a)
Meaning: udder; nipple
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *wHenχ_e (~-a)
Meaning: udder
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular (except for a rather frequent phenomenon of metathesis in PL and Gin.).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-cez,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *muʁ:u B (~-ʁ-)
Meaning: udder
Tsezi: meʁu
Ginukh: ʁomo
Khvarshi: meʁu (Radzhibov)
Inkhokvari: moʁu
Comments: PTsKh *mu_ʁu; the Gin. form is metathesized.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *burħa
Meaning: udder
Akusha: burħe
Chiragh: burʕa
Comments: Cf. also Ur. burħa, Tsud. burħi.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *χ:Iewa
Meaning: udder
Lezghian: re-ʁü
Tabasaran: χIaw
Agul: X̀aw
Rutul: χIɨw
Tsakhur: χIu
Kryz: ħäwi
Budukh: ħawi
Udi: χIo
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. re-χü, Tab. Khan. χ:Iäw, Ag. Bursh., Burk. X̀aw, Fit. χIaw, Tp. ʕaw; Tsakh. (Tsakh.) χIo, Gelm. χIʷa ( < *χIewa with reduction; this form points to the PL paradigm *χ:Iewa, obl. *χIewä-). Lezg. reflects a form which may point to former changing class prefixes.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *nŏH
Meaning: nipple, breast; suckle
Tibetan: nu to suck, nud, snun to suckle.
Burmese: nǝwʔ breast, milk, LB *hnǝw(ʔ).
Lushai: hnu-tē milk, breast.
Comments: Kham nwīN; Tsangla nu milk; Trung nuŋ1 nipple, breast, milk. Sh. 60; Ben. 100; Peiros-Starostin 216. STEDT 189-201 *s-nǝw-[t/n] (with a variant *n(y)u[k/ŋ]). Cf. PAN *nunuH 'breast, milk' (Sag 4).
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-lush,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 乳
Modern (Beijing) reading: rǔ
Preclassic Old Chinese: noʔ
Classic Old Chinese: nó
Western Han Chinese: nwá
Eastern Han Chinese: ńwá
Early Postclassic Chinese: ńwó
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńwó
Late Postclassic Chinese: ńwó
Middle Chinese: ńǘ
English meaning : milk, breast, to feed (a baby) with milk [L.Zhou]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) груди; вымя; сосцы; 2) молоко; 3) кормить грудью; 4) новорожденный, сосунок, детеныш; 5) рожать; высиживать (птенцов)
Comments: For *ń- cf. Xiamen ʒu3, Chaozhou zu3, Fuzhou ü3.
Radical: 5
Four-angle index: 6906
Karlgren code: 0135 a
Vietnamese reading: nhũ
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 471
Character: 乳
MC description : 遇合三上噳日
ZIHUI: 0050 0903
Beijing: ẓu 2
Jinan: lu 2
Xi'an: vu 2
Taiyuan: zu 2
Hankou: y 2
Chengdu: zu 2
Yangzhou: lu 2
Suzhou: zü 32
Wenzhou: zi_ 22
Changsha: y 2
Shuangfeng: y 2
Nanchang: з̂ 2
Meixian: ji 3
Guangzhou: jy 22
Xiamen: ʒu 2
Chaozhou: zu 21
Fuzhou: y 2
Shanghai: zü 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: žiu 2
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *n[u]
Meaning: milk, breast(s)
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-lim,kiret-dum,kiret-yam,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: nu
Grammar: n.
Meaning: 1) breast, nipple; 2) milk
Comments: 1) cf. mǝna-nu, nuse:ʔ 2)\x ku-nu lɔ:n (her-milk exude) She's lactating. limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,limet-comments,
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Dumi dictionary :
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Entry: nimpho, nim
Grammar: n.
Meaning: human milk
dumet-prnum,dumet-pspeech,dumet-meaning,dumet-comments,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: nua
Grammar: n.
Meaning: breast(s).
yamet-prnum,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *boŋ
Meaning: lower part of a hose; lower bound opening of a hose
Hunza: boŋ
Nagar: boŋ
Comments: Sh. boŋ.
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,buruet-notes,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *ug-ac
Meaning: 1 (female) breast, teat 2 mother's milk 3 step-(-parent, -child) 4 god-(-parent, -child) 5 foster- (-parent) 6 groomsman / bridesmaid 7 master, boss
Bizkaian: ugatz 1, 2, ugaz- 3, ugazaba 7
Gipuzkoan: ugatz 2, ugaz- 3, ugazaba 7
High Navarrese: ugaz- 3
Low Navarrese: ? ugatz 1
Lapurdian: ugatz 1
Baztanese: ugaz- 3
Zuberoan: egüz-3, 4, 5, 6
Comments: In compounds (B, G, AN) ugaz-aita, ugaz-ama, ugaz-[s]eme, ugaz-alaba ‘step-father, -mother, -son, -daughter’; in Z with metathesis of vowels: egüz-áita, egüz-ã́mã, egüts-[s]éme, egüz-alhába, etc.; (B, G) ugazaba ‘boss, master’ < *ugac + *aśa-ba 'ancestor', per Mitxelena. Bsq *ug(a)- = PEC *wHenχa is quite phonetically regular: for Bsq *u- = PNC *wHV- cf. Bsq *urde ‘pig’ (q.v.) ~ PNC *wHārƛ̣wǝ id.; and for Bsq *-g- = PNC *-nχ-, cf. Bsq *lega- ‘gravel’ (q.v.) ~ PEC *ƛ̣ănχwV ‘cobblestone(s)’, and other examples.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-bzt,basqet-zbr,basqet-comments,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *ʔtUk
Meaning: nape, neck
Austroasiatic meaning: back of the head
Munda parallels: M. hotoʔ 'neck'
Proto-Austronesian: *batuk
Austronesian meaning: nape, neck
Austronesian code: 2:110
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-mun,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-ancode,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *dʔuak
Meaning: back of the head
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kat,aaet-pear,aaet-vim,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *dʔuak / *dʔok
Meaning: back of head
Presyllable: kǝ- / # / ʔǝ-
References: P-1114
Notes: some forms may be borrowed from VN nóc
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,katet-notes,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *dʔuak / *dʔok
Meaning: back of head
Presyllable: kǝ- / # / ʔǝ-
Pakoh: kudok.T
Pakoh meaning: base of skull
Taojh: kudok.T
Taojh meaning: nape of neck (PT-153)
Lao Katu: duaʔ T?
Lao Katu meaning: base of the neck
Katu dialects (1): ʔadʔuok
Katu dialects (3): adʔuok dʔa:k
Katu dialects (4): ʔadʔuok
Katu meaning: back of head
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-pak,ekatet-pakme,ekatet-tao,ekatet-taome,ekatet-lka,ekatet-lkame,ekatet-and,ekatet-hkv,ekatet-kph,ekatet-katme,
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Pearic etymology :
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Proto-Pearic:
Meaning: back
Samre: katuk.A
pearet-meaning,pearet-prnum,pearet-smr,
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Viet-Muong etymology :
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Proto-Viet-Muong: *ʔdɔ:k, k-
Meaning: nape (of the neck)
Vietnamese: nóc
Vietnamese meaning: ridge (of roof)
Muong dialect: tok.3
Arem: kadA:k
Proto-Ruc: *dɔ:k.3, k-
Ruc (Russian field rec.): kaʔdɔk.3
Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): kadɔ:k.3
Ruc (Ferlus' rec.): kadɔ:k.5
Ruc meaning: nape (of the neck)
Thavung-So: ŋɔ:ndɔ:k.3 T?
Thavung-So meaning: nape (of the neck)
Notes: F-97: *k-Dɔ:k
References: NTF53, NVL144
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-viet,vimet-vietme,vimet-anng,vimet-arem,vimet-prru,vimet-rucr,vimet-rucl,vimet-rntf,vimet-rucme,vimet-so,vimet-some,vimet-note,vimet-bib,
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