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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *HVrV
Meaning: to change, distribute
References: Suggested by V. Glumov.
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *ar- <PIH *a->
Meaning: to gain / to distribute
Hittite: arnuzi `hin-, herbringen'
Avestan: ar- `gewähren, zuteil werden lassen', mit us- und frā- `(als Anteil) aussetzen und zuweisen', frǝ̄rǝta- n. `Zuweisung (von Opfern etc.), Darbringung'
Armenian: arrnum, aor. arri `ich nehme'
Old Greek: árnümai `erlangen, erwerben, gewinnen', áros n. `Nutzen'; ártos (m.?) = bólos tis, kaì ho Athēnaíōn ksénos' Hsch.
Russ. meaning: приобретать/раздавать
piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-avest,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-germ,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *arnēn-, *arnōn- vb.
Meaning: earn, merit
Old English: earnian (-ode/-ade/-ede; -od/-ad) tr. `to earn, merit, deserve, get, attain, labour for'
English: earn
Old High German: arnōn, -ēn `erwerben, verdienen, ernten'
Middle High German: arnen wk. 'ernten, einernten, verdienen; entgelten, büssen für; entgelten lassen, strafen'
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 105
Root: ar-2 oder er-
English meaning: to distribute
German meaning: `zuteilen; (med.) an sich bringen'
Grammatical comments: mit idg. nu-Präs.
Material: Av. ar- (Präs. ǝrǝnav-, ǝrǝnv-, Prät. Pass. ǝrǝnāvī) `gewähren, zuteil werden lassen; gewährleisten', mit us- und frā `(als Anteil) aussetzen und zuweisen', frǝ̄rǝta- n. `Zuweisung (von Opfern u. dgl.), Darbringung' (Bartholomae Altiran. Wb. 184 f.); arm. aṙnum `ich nehme', Aor. aṙ (Hübschmann Arm. Gr. I 420; die Bed. aus medialem `teile mir zu' vgl. ai. dálāmi `gebe': ā datē `nehme an mich, empfange'; ebenso in:)
gr. ἄρνυμαι `erwerbe, suche zu erreichen, empfange, bes. als Preis oder Lohn', durativ gegenüber ἀρέσθαι `erwerben, gewinnen', Aor. ἀρόμηv, ἠρόμην; μισθάρνης, μίσθαρνος `Lohnarbeiter', ἄρος n. `Nutzen' (Aesch.);
hitt. ar-nu-mi `ich bringe' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696) gehört wohl eher als Kausativ zu 3. er- `sich in Bewegung setzen'.
Den Hochstufenvokalismus der Wz. sicherstellende Formen fehlen.
References: WP. I 76 f.
Pages: 61
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-grammar,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *arV ( ~ e-)
Meaning: to change, sell
Russian meaning: менять, продавать
Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss; not quite reliable. Jpn. *úr- could be a match, but it may also reflect PA *úŕi q. v. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *Ar-
Meaning: gift
Russian meaning: дар
Karakhanid: armaɣan (MK, Oghuz) Turkish: armaɣan
Middle Turkic: armaɣan
Azerbaidzhan: armaɣan
Kirghiz: arna- 'to dedicate, design for'
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-chg,turcet-azb,turcet-krg,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *aralǯi-
Meaning: 1 to change, exchange, barter 2 exchange, change
Russian meaning: 1 менять, обменивать, торговать 2 обмен, торговля
Written Mongolian: aralǯi- 1 (L 48) Middle Mongolian: aralǯi- 1 (SH), āralǯi 2 (MA 104) Khalkha: arilǯi- 1
Buriat: aralža- 1
Kalmuck: arcḷdǝ-, arcḷcǝ- 1 (?)
Ordos: arilǯi- 1, arilǯān 2
Dongxian: arunǯa- 1
Baoan: anǯi-, anǯǝ- 1
Dagur: aralǯi-, allǯi-, (Тод. Даг. 120) aliǯi- Shary-Yoghur: arālǯǝ-, arālʒ́i- 1
Monguor: rālǯi- (arāʒ́i- (SM 10)) Comments: KW 15, MGCD 118, 319. monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-reference,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVRV
Meaning : to change, borrow
Reference : Suggested by V. Glumov.
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-scc,globet-reference,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HV̆́rV̄
Meaning: to borrow
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rāH
Meaning: borrow, pledge
Kachin: (H) niŋra a pledge.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-kach,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 假
Modern (Beijing) reading: jiǎ
Preclassic Old Chinese: krāʔ
Classic Old Chinese: krā́
Western Han Chinese: krā́
Eastern Han Chinese: krǟ́
Early Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄́
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄́
Late Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄́
Middle Chinese: kạ́
English meaning : to deceive
Russian meaning[s]: 1) поддельный, ложный, фальшивый; притворный; прикидываться, притворяться; 2) заимствовать; занимать; 3) прикидывать; предполагать; условный; если предположим...; [jià] досуг; отдых; отпуск, каникулы
Comments: Used also for the homonymous *krāʔ 'be great'; sometimes glossed as 'to come, go', but, as Schüssler supposes, this may be a lexicographic ghost and the graph might have been intended as a loan for *krāk 格 q.v.
Radical: 9
Four-angle index: 5987
Karlgren code: 0033 a-c
Vietnamese reading: gia`
Jianchuan Bai: ća3
Dali Bai: ća3
Bijiang Bai: ća2
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 1096
Character: 假
MC description : A: 假開二上馬見; B: 假開二去禡見
ZIHUI: A: 0250 0083; B: 0250 0086
Beijing: A: ćia 2; B: ćia 3
Jinan: A: ćia 2; B: ćia 3
Xi'an: A: ćia 2; B: ćia 3
Taiyuan: A: ćia 2; B: ćia 3
Hankou: A: ćia 2; B: ćia 3
Chengdu: A: ćia 2; B: ćia 2
Yangzhou: A: ćiâ 2; B: ćia 3
Suzhou: A: ćia_ 2 (lit.); ka_ 2; B: ćia_ 31 (lit.); ka_ 31
Wenzhou: A: ko 21; B: ko 31
Changsha: A: ćia 2; B: ćia 2
Shuangfeng: A: ćio 2; B: ćio 2
Nanchang: A: ka 2; B: ka 2
Meixian: A: ka 2; B: ka 2
Guangzhou: A: ka 21; B: ka 31
Xiamen: A: ka 2 (lit.); ke 2; B: ka 31 (lit.); ke 31
Chaozhou: A: ke 21; B: kia 21
Fuzhou: A: ka 2; B: ka 31
Shanghai: A: ka 3; B: ka 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: A: ka 2; B: ka 3
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔar1- (~x-,-ŕ-)
Meaning: debt, be in debt
Ket: aĺgit5
Yug: argit5
Comments: ССЕ 183. Werner 1, 31; [Bouda 1957: Chag. alɣit 'Steuer', 'Zins'?]
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-notes,
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