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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lam-
Meaning: be soft
Semitic: *lmlm ~ *lmʕ 'shine, become verdant, tender (of plants)'
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-agw,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 3188
Proto-Semitic: *lmlm ~ *lmʕ
Meaning: shine, become verdant, tender (of plants)
Arabic: lmʕ 'shine, gleam'
Geʕez (Ethiopian): lamʕ/ʔa 'be respendent, scintillate, shine', lamlama 'be verdant, bud, become soft, tender, be fresh
Tigre: lämläma 'become green, sprout', lämʕa 'be green, tender'
Tigrai (Tigriñña): lämlämä 'become ̌verdant, send out shoots', lämmǝʕe 'be green, tender'
Amharic: lämallämä 'become ̌verdant, send out shoots', lämma 'be green, tender'
Gafat: lämlämʷä 'tender', lämmä 'be green, tender'
Gurage: läma 'be green, tender'
Notes: LGz 315
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-ara,semet-gzz,semet-tgr,semet-tgy,semet-amh,semet-gaf,semet-gur,semet-notes,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *lVm- > *lamam-
Meaning: 'soft' 1, 'soften leather'2
Hausa: lā́mmàmē 2
Mupun: lóom 1 [FrM]
Angas: loom 1 [Fl]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-hsa,wchet-gwn,wchet-ang,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *lulum-
Meaning: 'soft'
Zime-Batna: lú-lùm [Sa]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-zbt,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *lam-
Meaning: 'soft'
Kera: lāmo [Eb]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-ker,
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Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :
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Proto-Agaw: *lim-
Meaning: 'be tender'
Khamir: lilem
Khamta: lǝmlim
Qwara: lǝlǝm
Qemant: lǝmǝy
Notes: Secondary vocalism in a reduplicated stem.
agwet-prnum,agwet-meaning,agwet-xmr,agwet-xmt,agwet-kwr,agwet-kem,agwet-notes,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : LVMV
Meaning : soft, fragile
Sino-Caucasian : ST *lem 'soft, smooth'
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *lVmV
Meaning: fragile
Dravidian: ? SDR *ńem- 'to squeeze, crush' (2464) [but cf. 129]
References: МССНЯ 371, ОСНЯ 2, 21-22; ND 1350 *ĺam(X)V 'be weak, soft; make soft, knead'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *lemǝ-
Meaning: to break
Russ. meaning: ломать
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: лом,
Near etymology: род. п. -а, диал. также "болото", псковск., тверск. (Преобр.), ломово́й, укр. лiм, род. п. ло́му, болг. лом "острая кирка, мотыга", сербохорв. ло̑м "кусты, поломанные ветки", словен. lòm, род. lǫ́mа "ломка", чеш. lom, польск. ɫоm. Отсюда ломи́ть (см.).
Further etymology: Родственно лит.-жем. lamañtas, lamãkas "кусок", lìmstu, limaũ, lìmti "ломаться", лтш. limt "пригибаться под тяжелой ношей", др.-прусск. limtwei "ломать", д.-в.-н. lam, др.-исл. lami "хромой, искалеченный", возм., также алб. тоск. lёmё, гег. ląmë "ток, маслобойня", ирл. laime, láimе "топор" (Стокс, KZ 37, 258); см. Бернекер 1, 731 и сл.; Траутман, ВSW 162; Буга, РФВ 67, 242. Напротив, лит. lomà "низкое место на пашне", лтш. lãmа "впадина, лог", болг. лам "яма, ров", вероятно, связаны с лат. lāmа "лужа, топь, болото"; см. Вальде--Гофм. 1, 753; Остен-Сакен, IF 33, 223, вопреки Буге (РФВ 71, 56), Траутману (ВSW 162), Мюленбаху--Эндзелину (М.--Э. 2, 438). Не смешивать также с лтш. lãnis "непроходимый лес", которое заимств. из эст. lааs, род. п. lааnе -- то же; ср. фин. lansi "низкий, низина", ненецк. lamdo "низкий"; см. Фасмер, ZfslPh 2, 473; М.--Э. 2, 438; Паасонен, KSz 14, 51. Разграничение слов lomъ "ломка" и lomъ "болото" невозможно, вопреки Преобр. (I, 467); ср. нем. Вruсh в обоих знач.; ломы́ мн. "пойменный луг" (тверск., псковск.) нельзя считать, как предполагает Калима (155), заимств. из эст. loim "лужа, ручей, поросший кустарником" или из карельск. lоаmа "лужа".
Pages: 2,515-516
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *lam-in̂- vb., *lam-añt-a- c., *lim̃- vb. intr.; lō̂m-a- c. (1), *lō̂m-ā̂ f. (1)
Meaning: break
Lithuanian: lamìnti 'zerknüllen, zerknittern, fest an sich drücken, (Pferd) zureiten', lamañta-s 'Stück, Brocken'; lìmti (lìmsta, lìmō) 'einknicken, brechen' lúoma-s, lúoma 'Teil, Streifen (Landes), Schicht, Art, Gattung, Stand'
Lettish: *lìmt (lìmt2, lim̂t2), l̨ìmt (/ l̨im̃t Neu-Wohlfart) (-mstu, -mu) 'ausgleiten, knicken, sinken, zusammensinken'; luõms/luôms, luõma 'Fang, Mast; Schicht, Reihe; Mal, Zeit'
Old Prussian: limtwei `brechen'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,baltet-oprus,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *lama-, *lamjan-, *luma-, *lumōn-, *lōmian- vb.
Meaning: lame
Old Norse: lami `gelähmt, gebrechlich'; lamin-n `gelähmt'; lemja `lähmen'; luma wk. `loslassen, schleppen lassen'
Norwegian: lamen; lemja vb.; luma `schlärfig sein'; lum `warm, sanft, mild'
Old Swedish: lämia vb.
Swedish: lam; dial. lömt `ruhig, still (vom Wetter)'
Old Danish: lämia vb.
Danish: lam; dial. lum `drückend heiss'
Old English: lama `lahm'; lemian, lemman `lähmen'
English: lame
Old Frisian: lom `lahm'; lemma vb.
Old Saxon: lamo `lahm, verkrüppelt', lemmian `lähmen'
Middle Dutch: lam, gen. lāmes/lammes
Dutch: lam
Middle Low German: lam
Old High German: lam `lahm, gelähmt, abgestumpft' (8.Jh.), lemmian, lemmen `lähmen'
Middle High German: lam 'gliederschwach, lahm'; lüeme adj. 'matt, sanft, milde', lüemen wk. 'erschlaffen, ermatten'
German: lahm; dial. lumm 'schlaff, matt'; Lümmel m.
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-oswed,germet-swed,germet-odan,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-ofris,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1160
Root: lem-1
English meaning: to crush; fragile
German meaning: `zerbrechen; zerbrochen, weich'
Material: Gr. νωλεμές, -έως `unermüdlich', vielleicht aus `nicht zusammenbrechend', auf Grund eines mit Präp. o- gebildeten *ὄ-λεμος n. *ὀ-λεμής; ven. MN Lemetor;
air. ro-la(i)methar `wagt', cymr. llafasu `wagen', corn. lauasos ds., mbret. lafuaez `licit', auch cymr. cyflafan `Untat', vielleicht zu mir. la(i)me `Axt'; mit anderer Bedeutung: mir. lem `fade, töricht, impotent', air. lemnat `Eibisch', mir. lemlacht, lemnacht `süße Milch', cymr. llefrith, bret. livriz ds., mcymr. llyveithin `schwach' (*lemekt-);
vielleicht alb. lemë, geg. lamë `Tenne, Ölmühle' = russ. lom;
ahd. as. lam (*lom-), aisl. lami `lahm, verkrüppelt', ahd. lemmen, asächs. lemmian `lähmen', ags. lemian `ds., zähmen (ein Pferd)', aisl. lemia `schlagen, entzweischlagen; hindern', ō-stufig ahd. luomi `matt, nachgiebig, mild', mhd. lüemen, luomen `ermatten', reduktionsstufig aisl. luma `loslassen', alem. lumme `schlaff werden', nhd. dial. lumm `schlaff', dazu nhd. Lümmel; mhd.lunzen `leicht schlummern', ostfries. lōm `gelähmt, hinkend, matt', schwed. lōma `steif oder schwerfällig gehen'; ē-stuf.: norw. laam `lahm';
lett. l'imstu, l'imt, lit. lìmti `unter einer Last zusammenbrechen', apr. limtwei `brechen'; lit. lémti `es fügen, vorausbestimmen', lett. lem̃t `bestimmen, urteilen'; lit. lamìnti, Kausat. lámdyti `ausbilden, trainieren'; dazu wohl auch lit. lúomas `Art, Gattung';
abg. loml'jǫ, lomiti `brechen', -sę `sich abmühen', russ. lom `Bruch', Pl. lómy `Gliederreißen' usw.; abg. prělamati `brechen' usw.; e-Stufe in osorb. lémić `brechen', wohl auch ksl. lemešь `Pflug' (von einem es-St., wie νωλεμές), lett. lemesis `Pflugschar'; mit ē-Stufe skr. lȉjemām, lijèmati `schlagen'.
References: WP. II 433 f., WH. I 760, Loth RC 39, 67 f., Lidén Mél. Vising 378.
Pages: 674
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *ĺèmo
Meaning: to be lazy, negligent
Russian meaning: быть ленивым, небрежным
Comments: The TM and Jpn. forms point to a common derivative *ĺèmo-kV (-k`V).
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *dömü-
Meaning: 1 to be barely sufficient, live poorly 2 to be careless, floppy
Russian meaning: 1 недоставать, едва сводить концы с концами 2 делать небрежно, кое-как
Written Mongolian: dömü- (L 267) 1 Khalkha: dömö- 1, dömnö- 2
Buriat: düme- 1
Kalmuck: demir- 'to become worse than smth.'
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *lemūk-
Meaning: weak-charactered
Russian meaning: слабохарактерный, постоянно недовольный
Evenki: lemūk
Comments: ТМС 1, 516. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *nàmàka-
Meaning: to be lazy
Russian meaning: лениться
Middle Japanese: namaka-
Tokyo: namaké-
Kyoto: námáké-
Kagoshima: namaké-
Comments: JLTT 731. Tone correspondence is not quite regular (low tone would be expected in Kagoshima). japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1381
Proto: *lama
English meaning: weakness; weak
German meaning: Schwäche; schwach
Finnish: lama 'Schwäche des Viehes vom Hunger; schwach in den Füßen, niedersinkend', lamaa- 'durch Hunger schwächen, entkräften, niederwerfen', lamakka 'geneigt, abschüssig'
Estonian: lame (gen. lameda) 'flach; schwach, nicht intensiv', lamm (gen. lammu, lamma) 'Plattbeit, Plattes', lama- 'niederliegen, auf dem Bauche liegen, sich platt niederlegen'
Saam (Lapp): labme -ām- (N) 'weakness of birds in the moulting season', labmo- -ām- 'become incapable of flying; lose one's vigour, become tired out', lapmē (L) 'Mauser', lapmō- 'infolge der Mauser flugunfähig werden'
Komi (Zyrian): ĺam mun- (S) 'entkräftet niedersinken', ĺamal- (S), ĺama.v- (P) 'angedrückt, niederdrückt werden, von einem Hiebe entkräftet werden', ĺam- (PO) 'quetschen'
Addenda: Lüd. лamak 'sich langsam senkend, allmählich abfallend' ( > Komi VU lame̮g)
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-saa,uralet-kom,uralet-add,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *lam- / *lm-
Russian meaning: причинять вред, болеть
English meaning: to cause harm; to be ill
Georgian: lam- / lm-
Notes and references: В ОСНЯ 2, 22 основа сопоставляется с ПИЕ *lem- 'ломать, разбивать, слабый', урал. *ĺama id., драв. *ñamV id.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-notes,
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