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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-pay-
Meaning: mouth
Notes: Related to *p/faw/y-? Cf. HSED, 46: Sem *ʔanp- 'nose'; Beja, Agaw, Saho-Afar, LEC, HEC, SC, Dah.; Om.; HSED, 47 *ʔap-/*wap- 'to yawn, open mouth' : Eg.; WCh.
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-wch,afaset-bed,afaset-agw,afaset-sho,afaset-lec,afaset-hec,afaset-scu,afaset-dhl,afaset-omo,afaset-notes,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 75
Proto-Semitic: *pay-
Meaning: mouth
Akkadian: pû (OA pāʔum, pīum) 'Mund, Maul, Schnabel von Tieren; Schneide, Schärfe des Schwertes' OAkk on [AHw 872-874]
Ugaritic: p [Aist 251]
Phoenician: p-y (with 1 and 3 pron. suff.) 'mouth, word' [T 261]
Hebrew: pǟ 'mouth (of man and animals); edge (of a sword)' [KB 914]; st. constr. pī (likely to preserve a vestige of an oblique case ending)
Aramaic: SML OLD OFF pm (WARKA pu-um-mi-e), NAB pwm [HJ 916-917]
Biblical Aramaic: pūm [KB deutsch 1765]
Judaic Aramaic: pūmā [Ja 1142]; note [Sok 437] päm, det. pymh
Syrian Aramaic: pūmā 'os, rostrum (avis), acies (gladii)' [Brock 577]
Modern Aramaic: MAL t_emma 'Mund' [Berg 102] TUR fēmo 'mouth' [R Ṭūrōyō 114] MLH pemo 'Mund, O..ffnung' [J Mlah 185] HRT pemma 'Mund' [J Hert 195] NASS pümä 'mouth' [Tser 0164] ZKH pümma 'mouth' [R Zakho 109] MMND pom, emph. pomma 'mouth' [M MND 511] IRAN púmmā 'la bocca, l'apertura' [Pen 112]MAL t_emma 'Mund' [Berg 102] TUR fēmo 'mouth' [R Ṭūrōyō 114] MLH pemo 'Mund, O..ffnung' [J Mlah 185] HRT pemma 'Mund' [J Hert 195] NASS pümä 'mouth' [Tser 0164] ZKH pümma 'mouth' [R Zakho 109] MMND pom, emph. pomma 'mouth' [M MND 511] IRAN púmmā 'la bocca, l'apertura' [Pen 112]
Mandaic Aramaic: puma 'mouth, opening' [DM 368]
Arabic: fum-un (gen. fim-in, acc. fam-an; constr. fum- and fū- in Nom., fī- in Gen. and fā- in Acc.); also fam-, famm-, fim- [BK 2 635]. Cf. fūh- (constr. Nom. fū-, Acc. fā, Gen. fī) [ibid. 650]
Epigraphic South Arabian: SAB f 'voice, authority' [SD 43]. Note a meaning shift
Tigre: ʔaf, pl. ʔafäyǝt 'mouth (of men and animals); nostril; edge (of sword), point (of lance); end' [LH 388]. Note the base ʔafu- with suffixes [ibid.]
Amharic: ʔaf 'mouth, beak, muzzle' [K 1346]
Harari: af [LHar 19]
East Ethiopic: SEL WOL ZWY af 'mouth, language' [LGur 19]
Gurage: MUH MSQ GOG SOD af, CHA EŽA ãf, ENN END GYE ãfʷ do. [LGur 19]
Notes: Reconstruction very tentative, *pVw- being an alternative one: note that in ARB the second radical is understood as w (pl. ʔafwāh-). Marked by unusual developments, still lacking explanation, such as vestiges of 'mimation' in ARM *pūm- (<*pay/w-u-m, with the Nominative case -u ending and the suffixed -m article) and ARB, where vestiges of PSEM three case nominal paradigm with the postpositional -m article ('mimation') are likely preserved, due to some unknown factor, as variant nominal forms.
The related ARB term for 'mouth', fūh- (constr. Nom. fū-, Acc. fā, Gen. fī) [ibid. 650] may be analysed as *fay- with the suffixed possesive 3rd pers. masc. pronoun -hu ('his mouth') again, for some undetermined reason, incorporated into the stem; another possible explanation is that h sometimes serves, both in ARB and other SEM, as a "triconsonantizer", cf. ARB miyāh-, šifāh- (broken plurals from māʔ- 'water' and šaf-at- 'lip'), SEM *ʔilāh- 'God' evidently related to *ʔil- etc.
On morphological problems posed by this root in ARB, cf. [Wright 1 239, 249, 252].
ETH is thought by some authors to be borrowed from CUSH (see [LGz 9] for references), but is rather to be explained from SEM *paw/y- with the ʔa- prefix: cf. the base ʔafu- in GEZ and TGR and the plural forms ʔafaw in GEZ and ʔäfäyǝt in TGR. For SEM origin of the ETH examples also speak vestiges of the case system in GEZ and TGR similar to those in ARB and HBR. Another possible explanation of the Anlaut in ETH *ʔaf(w)- is a contamination with ETH *ʔanf- 'nose', cf. ãf 'mouth' < *ʔanf in part of GUR. As to CUSH forms for 'mouth' [Dolgopolsky 230-31], they are likely related to the present SEM root.
Cf. SEM forms which originally might mean 'mouth, opening': AKK aptu 'window, window opening; opening of the ear' OB on [CAD a2 197], [AHw 61] (that -t is a feminine marker and not part of the root, is seen from the plural apāti), apu 'hole, opening in the ground' NA [CAD a2 201] (neither aptu nor apu is likely to be a borrowing from SUM ab 'window, opening' as is supposed with a question mark in both [CAD] and [AHw]); ARM MND aputa 'opening, mouth (of vessel)' [DM 30] (less likely from PTA < *ptḥ 'to open', as suggested [ibid.]).
Cf. forms with -m as a third radical either related to, or contaminated with, the present root: ARB fʔm 'se remplir la bouche d'herbes (se dit d'un chameau, etc.)' [BK 2 530]; GEZ ʔafʔama 'to put a morsel of food in another's mouth', fāʔm 'morsel', AMH fämma (<*fmʔ <*fʔm ?), GAF (tä)famä 'to take a mouthful' [LGz 154].
Note a rather unusual semantic shift which must have taken place as early as in PSEM, namely 'mouth' > 'edge (of a sword)', in AKK, HBR, SYR and ETH. Cf. the same meaning shift in Copt. tapro (Sah.), tapra (Fay) <tap-r/lV 'tranchant d'épée'
[Fron 44] (*p- 'bocca'); [Holma 21]: AKK, HBR, SYR, GEZ, ARB; [KB 914]: HBR, AKK, UGR, PHO, ARB, GEZ, ARM; [LGz 9]: GEZ, ETH, ESA, ARB, HBR, AKK, ARM, PHO, UGR
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-akk,semet-uga,semet-phn,semet-hbr,semet-arm,semet-bib,semet-jud,semet-syr,semet-new,semet-mnd,semet-ara,semet-sar,semet-tgr,semet-amh,semet-hrr,semet-east,semet-gur,semet-notes,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *ʔap-
Meaning: 'throw into the mouth,1, 'yawn' 2, 'open' 3
Hausa: áfà 1
Mupun: áap 2 [FrM]
Sura: ap 2 [JgS]
Angas: ep 2,3 [Fl]
Chip: ʔɛp 3 [JgC]
Montol: ʔɛp 3 [JgC]
Bolewa: ʔaw- 3 [ShV]
Karekare: ʔaf- 3 [ShV]
Dera=Kanakuru: àbí 3 [ShV], aw-, ap- 3 [CLR: 264]
Tangale: apɛ 3 [CLR]
Pero: ápù [FrP]
Ngamo: aha3 [ShV]
Bele: àppú 3 [ShB]
Kifri=Giwo: app-3 [ShB]
Boghom: ʔaap 3 [CS]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-hsa,wchet-gwn,wchet-sur,wchet-ang,wchet-chp,wchet-mnt,wchet-bol,wchet-krk,wchet-der,wchet-tng,wchet-per,wchet-ngm,wchet-bel,wchet-krf,wchet-bgh,
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Bedauye (Beja) etymology :
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Bedauye: yaaf
Meaning: 'mouth'
bedet-prnum,bedet-meaning,
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Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :
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Proto-Agaw: *ʔaff-
Meaning: 'mouth'
Bilin: Cf. ʔäb
Qwara: af
agwet-prnum,agwet-meaning,agwet-bil,agwet-kwr,
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Saho-Afar etymology :
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Proto-Saho-Afar: *ʔaf-
Meaning: 'mouth'
Saho: af
Afar (Danakil): af
shoet-prnum,shoet-meaning,shoet-saho,shoet-afar,
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Low East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ʔaf-
Meaning: 'mouth'
Somali: af
Oromo (Galla): af-an
Rendille: af
Arbore: oho
Dasenech (Geleba): aaf
Konso: afa
lecet-prnum,lecet-meaning,lecet-som,lecet-oro,lecet-rnd,lecet-arb,lecet-gel,lecet-kon,
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High East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-High East Cushitic: *ʔafaw/ʔ-
Meaning: 'mouth'
Sidamo: af(w)o
Darasa (Gedeo): afoʔo
Hadiya (Gudella): afoʔo
Alaba: afo
Burji (Bambala, Dashe): afae
Kambatta: afo
hecet-prnum,hecet-meaning,hecet-sid,hecet-dar,hecet-had,hecet-ala,hecet-bmb,hecet-kmb,
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South Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-South Cushitic: *ʔaf-
Meaning: 'mouth'
Iraqw (Mbulu): afa
Alagwa (Wasi): aafa
Burunge (Mbulungi): aafa
Asa-Aramanic: ʔaf-ok
Qwadza (Ngomvia): ʔafu-ko
scuet-prnum,scuet-meaning,scuet-irq,scuet-alg,scuet-bur,scuet-asa,scuet-kwz,
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Dahalo etymology :
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Dahalo: afo
Meaning: 'lip, mouth'
dhlet-prnum,dhlet-meaning,
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Omotic etymology :
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Proto-Omotic: *ʔap-
Meaning: 'mouth'
Dime: ʔappo
Galila: afa
Ari: aaffa
Banna: aapo
Hamer: a(a)fo
omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-dim,omoet-gll,omoet-ari,omoet-baa,omoet-hmr,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVPV
Meaning : mouth; speak
Amerind (misc.) : *pai 'call' (R 110) [+ K], *ʔipu 'cry' (R 155); *yape 'mouth' (R 432) globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-austr,globet-amer,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ʔVpV
Meaning: mouth; to speak
Uralic: (cf. *apta- 'bark'?)
References: ND 60 *ʔe/iṗV 'mouth'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *ip`i (~-p-,-e)
Meaning: mouth; to say
Russian meaning: рот; сказать, говорить
Comments: Martin 249, АПиПЯЯ 111, 277. An Eastern isogloss (but cf. perhaps Mong. abija(n) (L 4), Khalkha av́a, Bur. ab́a 'sound' ( < *ibaja ?); on a possible Turkic parallel see under *ŏ́t`è); seems reliable, despite a tonal discrepancy between Kor. and Jpn. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ipke-
Meaning: to order, tell, lure
Russian meaning: приказывать, велеть, подстрекать
Evenki: ipku-, ipke-
Even: ipkъn-
Udighe: ikpele- (Корм. 237) tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-ude,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *íp
Meaning: mouth; to recite
Russian meaning: рот; рассказывать, декламировать
Modern Korean: ip
Middle Korean: íp 'mouth', ìp(h)- 'to recite'
Comments: Nam 406, 407, 409, KED 1363. koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *íp-
Meaning: say
Russian meaning: сказать, говорить
Old Japanese: ip-
Middle Japanese: íf-
Tokyo: yù-
Kyoto: yú-
Kagoshima: yū́-
Nase: ʔj-
Shuri: í-
Hateruma: èn-
Yonakuni: ǹdú-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-nas,japet-shu,japet-hat,japet-yon,japet-comments,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *ēv-
Meaning : to command
Proto-South Dravidian: *ēv- dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *ēv-
Meaning : to command
Tamil : ēvu (ēvi-)
Tamil meaning : to command, direct, incite, inspire (as god), speak
Tamil derivates : ēval instigation, command; ēvalan_, ēvar_kāran_ a servant
Malayalam : ēkuka
Malayalam meaning : to say, command
Malayalam derivates : ēkal a command; ēval command, work; ēvalan a servant, attendant
Number in DED : 0909
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *ēvǝl
Meaning : matter; command
Kota : ēlv "matter, affair, errand"
Toda : ȫfɨl, ēfɨl "a command, order (< Tamil?)"
Additional forms : Also Toda ēfɨl ōɫ̣, ēf ōɫ̣ servant
Notes : Toda ēfɨl certainly looks like a Tamil borrowing, but the other variant may well be archaic. Metathesis in Kota.
Number in DED : 909
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-toda,ktet-addition,ktet-notes,ktet-dednum,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *bahaʔ
Meaning: mouth
Proto-Austroasiatic: *bʔɔh Austroasiatic meaning: mouth, beak
Proto-Austronesian: *bahaq, *baqbaq
Austronesian meaning: mouth
Proto-Thai: *pāk mouth
References: Ben 341, Peiros 1998, 95 (AN-Tai)
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-tai,austr-bibl,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *bʔɔh
Meaning: mouth, beak
Proto-Khmu: *boh
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kat,aaet-kmr,aaet-mon,aaet-pawa,aaet-kmu,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *bʔɔh
Meaning: beak (of bird)
Presyllable: Cǝ-
References: P-728; TK5.31
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-wkat,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,
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West Katuic etymology :
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Proto-West Katuic: *bʔɔh
Meaning: beak (of bird)
Presyllable: rǝN- /rǝ-/ cǝ-
Bru Van Keu: rambâh
Bru Van Keu meaning: bill, beak
So: rabâh.N
So meaning: beak
Bru: rǝbâh.N
Bru meaning: beak
Sou: habɔh
Kui: cǝbâh.N
Kui meaning: the hooked end of a beak
Kuay: tabâh.N
Kuay meaning: beak
Ngeu: tabâh.B
Ngeu meaning: beak
wkatet-meaning,wkatet-wpre,wkatet-prnum,wkatet-vkv,wkatet-vkvme,wkatet-so,wkatet-some,wkatet-bru,wkatet-brume,wkatet-sou,wkatet-kui,wkatet-kuime,wkatet-kuay,wkatet-kuayme,wkatet-ngeu,wkatet-nyeume,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *bʔɔh
Meaning: beak (of bird)
Presyllable: tǝ- / cǝ-
Pakoh: tǝrbɔh
Pakoh meaning: beak of bird
Taojh: tarbɔh
Taojh meaning: beak (PT-173)
Lao Katu: tarbɔh
Lao Katu meaning: beak
Ngeq: carbɔh
Ngeq meaning: beak, lips
Kri: carbâh
Chatong: carpɔ:h.B
Kantu dialects: carbâh
Triw: cɨrbɔh
Dakkan dialects (1): carbâh
Dakkan dialects (2): cǝrbɔh
Dakkan meaning: beak
Katu dialects (3): cǝrbʔɔh
Katu meaning: beak
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-pak,ekatet-pakme,ekatet-tao,ekatet-taome,ekatet-lka,ekatet-lkame,ekatet-nge,ekatet-ngeme,ekatet-kr,ekatet-ct,ekatet-kntt,ekatet-tr,ekatet-dkl,ekatet-dkk,ekatet-dkme,ekatet-hkv,ekatet-katme,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: cǝmbuh
Meaning: bill, beak
Old Khmer: cǝmwuh
Old Khmer Meaning: bec, bill
Comments: JP derive the word from buh to cleave, cut
References: P161
kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-comm,kmret-ref,
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Viet-Muong etymology :
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Proto-Viet-Muong: *ʔbɔh
Meaning: beak
Vietnamese: moʔ
Vietnamese meaning: beak
Muong dialect: mɔ.4 LO?
Thavung-So: ʔabɔh.2
Thavung-So meaning: beak
Thavung: ʔabɔh.1
Notes: F-97: *k-Bɔh
References: TC39
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-viet,vimet-vietme,vimet-anng,vimet-so,vimet-some,vimet-tha,vimet-note,vimet-bib,
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Monic etymology :
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Proto-Monic: *ʔbaw-
Meaning: beak
Presyllable: kǝN-
Modern Mon: khamau, camhau, samhau
Nyakur: kǝmbaw.L
Nyakur meaning: beak
References: N138
monet-meaning,monet-prpr,monet-prnum,monet-word,monet-tc,monet-tcme,monet-bib,
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Palaung-Wa etymology :
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pawaet-prnum,pawaet-prwa,
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Wa etymology :
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Proto-Wa:
Meaning: face
Paraok: bauh.B
Paraok meaning: cheek, face
Ava: bhiuh
References: WW-242
prwaet-meaning,prwaet-prnum,prwaet-praok,prwaet-praokme,prwaet-mas,prwaet-bib,
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