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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷi/arab-
Meaning: bark, skin
Notes: Cf. *ḳʷirap- 'bark'.
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-bed,afaset-agw,afaset-omo,afaset-notes,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 2594
Proto-Semitic: *ḳʷirb-at-
Meaning: 'skin' 1, 'leather bag or basket' 2
Arabic: ḳirbat- 2 ('grande outre à lait ou à eau faite d'une seule peau cousue au milieu') BK 2 704
Geʕez (Ethiopian): ḳʷǝrbābit 2 ('leather bag') LGz 440 ("probably reconstructed from Amh ḳʷǝrbabičča")
Tigrai (Tigriñña): ḳwǝrbät 1
Amharic: ḳorbät 1, ḳäräbbō 2 ('corbeille tressée avec le cuir de la tête du boeuf') Baet
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-ara,semet-gzz,semet-tgy,semet-amh,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *kwalab- (<*ḳwarab-?)
Meaning: 'bark'
Mandara=Wandala: kwàlàbàa
Notes: In Mandara group, l may originate from *r, and *ḳ yeilds *k.
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-mnd,cchet-notes,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *kilab-
Meaning: 'skin'
Lele: kīlābá [Grg]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-lle,
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Bedauye (Beja) etymology :
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Bedauye: kurbe
Meaning: 'skin'
bedet-prnum,bedet-meaning,
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Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :
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Proto-Agaw: *kwarb-
Meaning: 'skin' 1, 'bark' 2
Khamta: kerbir 2
Qwara: korbē 1
Qemant: kʷɔrɛvɛ 1
agwet-prnum,agwet-meaning,agwet-xmt,agwet-kwr,agwet-kem,
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Omotic etymology :
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Proto-Omotic: *ḳurub-
Meaning: 'bark'
Ometo: ḳurubi SIFKJa 67
Male: ḳurubi Fl
omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-ome,omoet-mle,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVRPV
Meaning : bark, skin
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ḳVrṗV
Meaning: bark
Kartvelian: Georg. ḳorṗ- 'bark of cork-oak'
References: ND 1186 *ḳoRuṗV 'bark of a tree, skin' (with incorr. Alt.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-kart,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *(s)krewǝp-
Meaning: rough, grainy; scab
Tokharian: A kärpi, B kärpiye 'common, raw, rough' (PT *kärpiye) (Adams 164)
Celtic: *kreuhanā > Cymr crawen `crusta', crawennu `incrustare', Corn crevan `Kruste', MBret krevenn `Kruste'
Russ. meaning: грубый, зернистый; струп, короста
piet-meaning,piet-tokh,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: крупа́,
Near etymology: укр. крупа, ст.-слав. кроупа ψιχίον, болг. кру́пка "крошка", сербохорв. кру́па "крупа, град", словен. krúpa "перловая, ячневая крупа", чеш. kroupa "крупа, град", слвц. krúpa, польск., в.-луж. krupa, н.-луж. kšuра.
Further etymology: Родственно лтш. kraũpis "парша; жаба", kr̨aũpa "бородавка, струп", лит. kraupùs "шершавый, неровный", krùpis "жаба", nu-krùpęs "покрытый струпьями", лтш. krupis, krupe "жаба", krupt, kr̨upt, -ùрu "съеживаться, сморщиваться", лит. krùpti "паршиветь", krùpis "малыш", далее др.-исл. hriúfr "шершавый, в струпьях", др.-англ. hréof -- то же, возм., также лтш. krups "крохотный", skrupata "крошка", алб. kripë "соль", гег. krурё (см. Хен, Dаs Salz 23 и сл.; Г. Майер, Alb. Wb. 206); ср. М.--Э. 2, 292, 295; Буга, РФВ 71, 50; Бернекер 1, 630; Перссон 262; Френкель, ВSрr. 59; Шпехт, KZ 69, 133. Другая ступень чередования: кро́пкий "хрупкии, ломкий" (из *кръпъкъ).
Pages: 2,386
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *kraũp-u- adj., *krup- vb. intr., *kreûp-ia- (1) c., *kreûp-ā̂, -iā̃ (1) f., *krup- vb. intr.; *skrup-at-ā̂ f.
Meaning: rough
Lithuanian: kraupù- 'rauh, uneben, struppig, zottig', krùpti (krum̃pa, krùpō) 'schorfig, grindig, räudig werden', dial. at-krùpinti 'herangekrochen kommen wie eine Kröte'; krùpis 'Kröte'
Lettish: kr̨aũpis 'Krätze, Pferdekrätze; Schorf, Grind; Art von Ausschlägen an Kartoffeln; unebene, rauhe Rinde; Kröte', kr̨aũpe 'Krätze fv Vieh; grobe, unebene Rinde'; kr̨aupa 'Grind der Pferde; Warze, Grind; Unebenheit auf der Kartoffel'; krupe 'Kröte (weiblich, nur zur Bezeichnung eines kleines, reizenden Mädchens); krupis, kr̨upis 'Kröte'; kr̨upt/krupt (-ùpu, -upu) 'grindig, räudig werden, verkümmern, zusammenschrumpfen, bersten, hocken, faulen', krups 'winzig' || skrupata 'Krümchen, Wenig'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *xriubá-, *xriu[f]ō; *xrū[f]ia-n, *xrū[f]ōn, *(ge-)xrubá-; *skruf=
Meaning: rough
Old Norse: hrjūf-r `uneben, rauh; schorfig', hrǖfi n. `Schorf', hrūfa f. `Wundkruste, Schorf'
Norwegian: rü `rauh', rjuva `nackter Felsrücken'; dial. ruva
Swedish: skroflig `uneben, rauh'; ruva
Old Danish: skrub `Unebenheit'
Danish: roe
Old English: hrēof
Old High German: ge-rob `grob, dick, tief tönend' (um 1000); (h)riob `aussätzig' (9.Jh.), hriupī `scabies', (h)ruf (8.Jh.) { pl. hruvi } `Schorf, Aussatz'
Middle High German: { gerop }; ruf(e) st./wk. f. 'schorf, aussatz', EaHG ruf(e) `Schorf, Aussatz' (15.Jh.)
German: bair. ruff f. `Kruste auf rasch getrocknetem Erdreich', bair., schweiz. rüfe, riefe `Aussatz, Schorf'
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-odan,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1042
Root: kreup-
English meaning: scab
German meaning: `Schorf, sich verkrusten'
Material: Gall. cruppellarii `gepanzerte Gladiatoren der Aedui', brit. Mons Graupius (leg. *Croupios), wegen des idg. p veneto-illyr. Herkunft (Pokorny Urillyr. 131); aisl. hrjūfr `rauh, schorfig', hrȳfe `Schorf', hrūfa `Wundrinde', ags. hrēof `rauh, schorfig, aussätzig', ahd. riob `aussätzig', hriupī `scabies', (h)ruf, Pl. hruvi, mhd. ruf `Blatter, Schorf, Grind, Aussatz', nhd. bair. ruff f. `Kruste auf rasch getrocknetem Erdreich', rüfe, riefe `Aussatz, Schorf', ahd. ge-rob, nhd. grob;
lit. su-si-kraũpti `zusammenschauern', nu-krùpęs `schorfig', kraupùs `rauh', lett. kŕaũpa `Grind, Warze', kŕaũpis `Grind; Kröte' (von der warzigen Haut; apr. crupeyle `Frosch'), kŕū̀pu, kŕupu, kŕupt `verschrumpfen', krupis `Kröte, Zwerg'; vom Rauhwerden der Haut (`Gänsehaut') auch lit. pakraũpti, kruptis `schaudern, erschrecken'.
Dagegen russ. krúpnyj `grobkörnig; groß', čech. krupý `rudis' zunächst zu abg. krupa `Brocken, Krümchen', usw. [dazu ablautend alb. krip(ë), krüp f. `Salz' (*krūpā)]; diese Sippe wohl eigentl. `Abgebrochenes' oder dgl. zu kreu-3, krou-s- `brechen, stoßen', s. dort.
References: WP. I 481 f., Trautmann 143.
Pages: 623
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *qā́rṗV
Meaning: coat, shell
Yenisseian: Cf. Kott. (Werner 1, 325) hōp(e)tal 'Satteldecke, Teppich'?
Comments and references : [Cf. Bur. Yas. ɣupáltiŋ `trousers'?] [If there are 2 roots in NC - cf. PST *bhǝ̆k 'garment'?]
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *q_ārṗV / *ṗārq_V
Meaning: outerwear, fur-coat
Notes: A rather complicated case (as is usual with cultural words). First, we must for phonetic and semantic reasons dismiss the possibility of borrowing from Arab. ḳabāʔ 'langärmeliges Obergewand' (which, however, is also present in Tsezian languages: Bezht., Gunz. ḳaba, Gin. ḳoboj 'shirt'). Second, we must exclude interlingual borrowings: Arch. part:uq̇ 'fur-coat' from Lak. (barq̇ut, dial. bartuq̇ with metathesis); Lak. q:awaču ( < *q:abaču) from Avar or from Lezghian languages; some of the Andian forms also may be borrowed from Avar. Lezghian (Tab., Rut.) forms could be also considered as Avar loanwords. However, there are reasons to reconstruct the derivate *q_ārṗV-čV (or *-ćV) already for PEC, cf. Hurr. qurbiži 'garment worn under mail-coat or helm' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 18), which was borrowed in Akk. kurbisu, gurpisu. Thus the PL form *q̇ap:a(r)čaj may well be genuine (with a shift of laryngeal features usual for roots containing two or more stops).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *bēq
Meaning: fur-coat
Chechen: beq
Ingush: beq
Comments: Obl. base *bēqa- (Chech. bēqa-, Ing. beqo). 4th class in Chech., 6th class in Ing.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *q:aba-
Meaning: fur-coat
Avar: q:abárča
Chadakolob: q:apača
Andian language: q:apa, q:apača
Akhvakh: q:āča
Chamalal: q:abača
Tindi: q:abača
Comments: Av. paradigm C (q:abčí-l, q:úrču-l). The simple stem is preserved only in And. (with an assimilation *-b- > -p-). All other languages reflect the derivate *q:abarča ( < *q:arba-ča). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Ratl. q:abača. Another PAA derivate is reflected in Av. q:abá-lu (-dul, q:abála-bi) 'women's outer garment', And. q:alabej ( < *q:aba-laj) 'a k. of outer garment', Cham. q:abala 'traditional women's garment').
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: barq̇-ut
Meaning: fur-coat
Lak form: barq̇ut
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *ṗarq̇
Meaning: fur-coat
Akusha: ṗarq̇ (Kub.)
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *q̇ap:a(r)čaj
Meaning: fur-coat
Tabasaran: q̇abačej (Khaid)
Rutul: q:abačaj
Comment: See Хайдаков 1973, 93.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-rut,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *qrāp
Meaning: scale, shell
Tibetan: khrab shield, buckler; coat of mail, scales.
Burmese: hrap little basket-shell; k. of jacket (cf. also khjap hauberk < Tib. or Chin.?).
Kachin: kop2 a crust, rind, shell; mǝkop2 to cover, shield, defend.
Lepcha: grop to cover with hands, as face; to cover with hand, as when catching fly, etc; to pounce upon as cat on mouse with paws; to hide, to shelter, to shroud
Comments: Luce 36; Peiros-Starostin 218; Coblin 131.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lepcha,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 甲
Modern (Beijing) reading: jiǎ
Preclassic Old Chinese: krāp
Classic Old Chinese: krāp
Western Han Chinese: krāp
Eastern Han Chinese: krāp
Early Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄p
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄p
Late Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄p
Middle Chinese: kạp
Fanqie: 吉鴨
Rhyme class: 洽
English meaning : mail-coat, armor; the first of the Heavenly Stems
Russian meaning[s]: 1) первый знак десятиричного цикла; первый, главный; "А"; быть первым, возглавлять; 2) возраст, годы; 3) латы; броня; доспехи; панцырь, щит (животных); ногти; 4) "цзя" (объединение 10 дворов в системе круговой поруки в деревне)
Shuowen gloss: 東方之孟陽气萌動. 從木. 戴孚甲之象. 一曰. 人頭宜為甲. 甲象人頭. 凡甲之屬皆從甲.
Comments: PST *qruap, cf. Tib. khrab 'shield, buckler; coat of mail, scales', Burm. hrap 'a sea shell; male upper coat' (cf. also khjap 'coat of mail' < Tib.?); Kach. kop31 'a crust, rind, shell', makop31 'to cover, shield, defend'.
Radical: 102
Four-angle index: 2633
Karlgren code: 0629 a-d
Jianchuan Bai: -kɛ6
Dali Bai: -ker6
Bijiang Bai: -qa6
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-fanqie,bigchina-rhyme,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 199
Character: 甲
MC description : 咸開二入狎見
ZIHUI: 3946 0085
Beijing: ćia 2
Jinan: ćia 11
Xi'an: ćia 11
Taiyuan: ćiaʔ 41
Hankou: ćia 12
Chengdu: ćia 12
Yangzhou: kaʔ 4; ćiaʔ 4 (lit.)
Suzhou: ćiaʔ 41 (lit.); kaʔ 41
Wenzhou: ka 41
Changsha: ćia 4
Shuangfeng: ka 12
Nanchang: kat 41
Meixian: kap 41
Guangzhou: kāp 43
Xiamen: kap 41 (lit.); kaʔ 41
Chaozhou: kaʔ 41
Fuzhou: kaʔ 41
Shanghai: ćiaʔ 4
Zhongyuan yinyun: ka 42
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *khrǝ́p
Meaning: cover
Tulung: khrep- cover, 'khrem covering
Kaling: 'khrwɔmnä ('khrwɔptu) cover, close (a book), 'khrwɔn lid
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,kiret-kul,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: kho:pmaʔ, -kho:pt-/-kho:p-
Grammar: vt.
Meaning: reach (around smth.), embrace and close about, engirdle something
limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: khǝm
Grammar: n.
Meaning: lid of a pot
Nepali: birko, ḍhakanā.
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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