Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tikk-/*tiyuk- (?)

Meaning: occiput, neck

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *tikk- 'occiput , neck' ~ (?) *tinuk- 'ear-lobe'

Western Chadic: *tiyuk- 'neck' 1, 'occiput' 2

Notes: Scarce data.

Semitic etymology :

Number: 79

Proto-Semitic: *tikk- ~ (?) *tinuk-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'occiput , neck' 1 ~ (?) *tinuk- 'ear-lobe'

Akkadian: tikk- 1

Hebrew: (?) tǝnūk 2

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *tiyuk-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'neck' 1, 'occiput' 2

Mupun: took 1 [FrM]

Sura: tɔ̄k 2 [JgS], tok 1 [Kr]

Angas: tȯk 1 [Fl], čok 1 {Kr N 49]

Chip: tɔk 1

Montol: tok 1

Ankwe=Goemai: tiyǝ̀k 1

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVKV

Meaning : nape; back

Eurasiatic : *dVgV

Afroasiatic : *tikk-/*tiyuk- (?)

Sino-Caucasian : *dHā́qwĀ

Austric : PAA *dʔuak 'back of head', PAN *batuk 'nape, neck'.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *dVgV

Meaning: back

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *dagV 'back', *dắgá 'follow' - must be one root in view of ext. evidence

Uralic: *taka

Dravidian: *ḍog- 'back' (Kol., Gnd., ?Kui - DED 2979)

Eskimo-Aleut: *taʁtu

References: МССНЯ 331, ОСНЯ 215-216; ND 505 *dagurV 'shoulder-blade as part of back', 510 *daka 'back of the body, behind' (+ dubious SH).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *dagV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: shoulder bone, back

Russian meaning: плечевая кость, спина

Turkic: *jagɨr, *jagrɨn

Mongolian: *dajira / *daɣari

Tungus-Manchu: *daga-

Comments: Владимирцов 318, Колесникова 1972а, 89-91. A Western isogloss. Despite Щербак 1997, 121 Mong. is not < Turk. Turk. *jagɨr represents in fact a merger of two different original roots (see *ńĕka). See also TMN 4, 177-178 (with unconvincing criticism).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *jagɨr, *jagrɨn

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: back, shoulderblade

Russian meaning: спина, лопатка

Turkish: jaɣrɨ, dial. jaɣɨr, jaɣrɨ

Tatar: jawɨrɨn, jawɨrnɨ, ǯawɨr (dial.)

Middle Turkic: jaɣrɨn (Pav. C., AH, Ettuhf.)

Uzbek: jaɣrin

Turkmen: jaɣɨrnɨ; jaɣɨrɨn, jaɣrɨn (dial.)

Noghai: jawɨrɨn

Bashkir: jawɨrɨn (dial.)

Salar: jaɣrǝ (Kakuk)

Kumyk: jawrun

Comments: VEWT 178, ЭСТЯ 4, 65-67, Дыбо 139-141, Лексика 242.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *dajira / *daɣari

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 withers 2 abrasion, sore on back of animal

Russian meaning: 1 холка 2 ссадина на спине животного

Written Mongolian: dajira 1 (L 222: dajir 2), daɣari 2 (L 218)

Middle Mongolian: da'ari 1 (SH), dari 2 (MA)

Khalkha: dajr 1, 2

Buriat: dāri, dajr 2

Kalmuck: dǟrǝ 1

Ordos: dāri 2

Dongxian: daru-san 2

Dagur: dāre (MD 131), dāri, dāŕ (Тод. Даг. 135), dār 2,

Shary-Yoghur: dārǝ 2

Monguor: dārǝ, dāri (SM 45) 2

Comments: KW 83, MGCD 182. Mong. > Evk. daɣarin etc., see Poppe 1966, 190, Doerfer MT 76.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *daga-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hip, hip bone, shoulder bone

Russian meaning: бедро, бедренная кость, плечевая кость

Evenki: daɣańa

Negidal: daɣańa

Literary Manchu: dabsi 'shoulder'

Orok: dāna

Comments: ТМС 1, 184, 188. TM > Dag. dagan (Тод. Даг. 134).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1032

Proto: *taka

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: behind

German meaning: Hinterraum, das Hintere

Finnish: taka- 'Hinter-' (in comp.), takaa 'hinter; von hinten', takaisin 'zurück', takana 'hinter; hinten', taakse

Estonian: taga (gen. taga, taa) 'Hinterraum', taga 'hinten', tagant

Saam (Lapp): duokke -g_- 'that which is behind someone or something', duokken, duokkĕn, duokkai (postp.) 'behind' (N), tuohkē 'Platz, Raum hinter etw.', tuokēn, tuokēs, tuohkāi (postp.) 'hinter, (von) hinter', tū_ikken (Kld.) 'hinter; wegen', tuøkka, tokka (A) 'hinter'

Nenets (Yurak): t́aχāʔ 'dorthin', t́āχana 'dort', t́āχād 'von dort' (O)

Enets (Yen): tehone (Ch.), tahone (B) 'hinten', tahaʔ 'hinter'

Nganasan (Tawgi): taka 'das hinten befindliche, Rückseite', takana 'hinten', takada 'von hinten', tagaŋ 'nach hinten'

Selkup: tak, tag 'das hinten Gelegene', takt, tag, tâ 'nach hinten', takkan, tagan, tân 'hinten, von hinten' (Castr.); taa-, tā, tå, tākti̮, tåkti̮ 'hinten, hinter' (Ta.)

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *taʁtu

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: kidney

Russian meaning: почки (анатом.)

Proto-Yupik: *taʁtu

Proto-Inupik: *taqtu

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 334

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *taʁtu

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: side 1, kidney 2

Russian Meaning: бок 1, почка 2

Sirenik: táχta 1

Naukan: táχtu 2

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: taχtu(q) 2

Chugach (Birket-Smith): taχto 2

Central Alaskan Yupik: taχtuq 2

Nunivak (Peripheral): taχtu* 2

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 334

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *tạqtụ

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: kidney

Russian meaning: почка

SPI Dialects: Imaq táqtok du., W taqtu (ūk, ut)

North Alaskan Inupik: taqtu

NAI Dialects: B, Ingl taqtu*, Qaw taqtu

Western Canadian Inupik: taqtu

WCI Dialects: Cor, M taqtu*

Eastern Canadian Inupik: taqtuq

Greenlandic Inupik: taʁtu (tarto*)

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 334

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *wHénχe ( ~ -a)

Meaning: udder; nipple

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *wHenχ_e (~-a)

Sino-Tibetan: *nŏH

Burushaski: *boŋ

Basque: *ug-ac

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *wHenχ_e (~-a)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: udder

Proto-Tsezian: *muʁ:u B (~-ʁ-)

Proto-Dargwa: *burħa

Proto-Lezghian: *χ:Iewa

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular (except for a rather frequent phenomenon of metathesis in PL and Gin.).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *muʁ:u B (~-ʁ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: udder

Tsezi: meʁu

Ginukh: ʁomo

Khvarshi: meʁu (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: moʁu

Comments: PTsKh *mu_ʁu; the Gin. form is metathesized.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *burħa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: udder

Akusha: burħe

Chiragh: burʕa

Comments: Cf. also Ur. burħa, Tsud. burħi.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *χ:Iewa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: udder

Lezghian: re-ʁü

Tabasaran: χIaw

Agul: X̀aw

Rutul: χIɨw

Tsakhur: χIu

Kryz: ħäwi

Budukh: ħawi

Udi: χIo

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. re-χü, Tab. Khan. χ:Iäw, Ag. Bursh., Burk. X̀aw, Fit. χIaw, Tp. ʕaw; Tsakh. (Tsakh.) χIo, Gelm. χIʷa ( < *χIewa with reduction; this form points to the PL paradigm *χ:Iewa, obl. *χIewä-). Lezg. reflects a form which may point to former changing class prefixes.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *nŏH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nipple, breast; suckle

Chinese: 乳 *noʔ nipple; milk, suckle.

Tibetan: nu to suck, nud, snun to suckle.

Burmese: nǝwʔ breast, milk, LB *hnǝw(ʔ).

Lushai: hnu-tē milk, breast.

Kiranti: *n[u]

Comments: Kham nwīN; Tsangla nu milk; Trung nuŋ¹ nipple, breast, milk. Sh. 60; Ben. 100; Peiros-Starostin 216. STEDT 189-201 *s-nǝw-[t/n] (with a variant *n(y)u[k/ŋ]). Cf. PAN *nunuH 'breast, milk' (Sag 4).

Chinese characters :

Character: 乳

Modern (Beijing) reading: rǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: noʔ

Classic Old Chinese: nó

Western Han Chinese: nwá

Eastern Han Chinese: ńwá

Early Postclassic Chinese: ńwó

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńwó

Late Postclassic Chinese: ńwó

Middle Chinese: ńǘ

English meaning : milk, breast, to feed (a baby) with milk [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) груди; вымя; сосцы; 2) молоко; 3) кормить грудью; 4) новорожденный, сосунок, детеныш; 5) рожать; высиживать (птенцов)

Comments: For *ń- cf. Xiamen ʒu³, Chaozhou zu³, Fuzhou ü³.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 5

Four-angle index: 6906

Karlgren code: 0135 a

Vietnamese reading: nhũ

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 471

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 乳

MC description : 遇合三上噳日

ZIHUI: 0050 0903

Beijing: ẓu 2

Jinan: lu 2

Xi'an: vu 2

Taiyuan: zu 2

Hankou: y 2

Chengdu: zu 2

Yangzhou: lu 2

Suzhou: zü 32

Wenzhou: zi_ 22

Changsha: y 2

Shuangfeng: y 2

Nanchang: з̂ 2

Meixian: ji 3

Guangzhou: jy 22

Xiamen: ʒu 2

Chaozhou: zu 21

Fuzhou: y 2

Shanghai: zü 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: žiu 2

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *n[u]

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: milk, breast(s)

Limbu: nu

Dumi: nim ( < *nu-mV)

Yamphu: nua

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: nu

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: 1) breast, nipple; 2) milk

Comments: 1) cf. mǝna-nu, nuse:ʔ 2)\x ku-nu lɔ:n (her-milk exude) She's lactating.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: nimpho, nim

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: human milk

Comments: cf. amlalim, dɨdhɨkwam.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: nua

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: breast(s).

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *boŋ

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: lower part of a hose; lower bound opening of a hose

Hunza: boŋ

Nagar: boŋ

Comments: Sh. boŋ.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *ug-ac

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 (female) breast, teat 2 mother's milk 3 step-(-parent, -child) 4 god-(-parent, -child) 5 foster- (-parent) 6 groomsman / bridesmaid 7 master, boss

Bizkaian: ugatz 1, 2, ugaz- 3, ugazaba 7

Gipuzkoan: ugatz 2, ugaz- 3, ugazaba 7

High Navarrese: ugaz- 3

Low Navarrese: ? ugatz 1

Lapurdian: ugatz 1

Baztanese: ugaz- 3

Zuberoan: egüz-3, 4, 5, 6

Comments: In compounds (B, G, AN) ugaz-aita, ugaz-ama, ugaz-[s]eme, ugaz-alaba ‘step-father, -mother, -son, -daughter’; in Z with metathesis of vowels: egüz-áita, egüz-ã́mã, egüts-[s]éme, egüz-alhába, etc.; (B, G) ugazaba ‘boss, master’ < *ugac + *aśa-ba 'ancestor', per Mitxelena. Bsq *ug(a)- = PEC *wHenχa is quite phonetically regular: for Bsq *u- = PNC *wHV- cf. Bsq *urde ‘pig’ (q.v.) ~ PNC *wHārƛ̣wǝ id.; and for Bsq *-g- = PNC *-nχ-, cf. Bsq *lega- ‘gravel’ (q.v.) ~ PEC *ƛ̣ănχwV ‘cobblestone(s)’, and other examples.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ʔtUk

Meaning: nape, neck

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *dʔuak

Austroasiatic meaning: back of the head

Munda parallels: M. hotoʔ 'neck'

Proto-Austronesian: *batuk

Austronesian meaning: nape, neck

Austronesian code: 2:110

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *dʔuak

Meaning: back of the head

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: EK *dʔuak / *dʔok

Proto-Pearic: SMR katuk.A IV?

Proto-Vietic: *dʔɔ:k

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *dʔuak / *dʔok

Meaning: back of head

Presyllable: kǝ- / # / ʔǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-East Katuic: *dʔuak / *dʔok

References: P-1114

Notes: some forms may be borrowed from VN nóc

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *dʔuak / *dʔok

Meaning: back of head

Presyllable: kǝ- / # / ʔǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: kudok.T

Pakoh meaning: base of skull

Taojh: kudok.T

Taojh meaning: nape of neck (PT-153)

Lao Katu: duaʔ T?

Lao Katu meaning: base of the neck

Katu dialects (1): ʔadʔuok

Katu dialects (3): adʔuok dʔa:k

Katu dialects (4): ʔadʔuok

Katu meaning: back of head

Pearic etymology :

Proto-Pearic:

Meaning: back

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Samre: katuk.A

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *ʔdɔ:k, k-

Meaning: nape (of the neck)

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: nóc

Vietnamese meaning: ridge (of roof)

Muong dialect: tok.3

Arem: kadA:k

Proto-Ruc: *dɔ:k.3, k-

Ruc (Russian field rec.): kaʔdɔk.3

Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): kadɔ:k.3

Ruc (Ferlus' rec.): kadɔ:k.5

Ruc meaning: nape (of the neck)

Thavung-So: ŋɔ:ndɔ:k.3 T?

Thavung-So meaning: nape (of the neck)

Notes: F-97: *k-Dɔ:k

References: NTF53, NVL144

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