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Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :
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Proto-Agaw: *naHan-
Meaning: 'hand'1 , 'finger' 2
Bilin: naŋ 1
Khamir: nän 1
Khamta: naan 1
Qwara: naan, naana 1, 2
Qemant: naan 2
agwet-prnum,agwet-meaning,agwet-bil,agwet-xmr,agwet-xmt,agwet-kwr,agwet-kem,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVn- ~ *nVʕw(-an)-
Meaning: finger, fingernail
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-egy,afaset-wch,afaset-agw,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 2630
Proto-Semitic: *naʕw-
Meaning: 'fissure on the hoof'
Arabic: naʕwan 'fissure au sabot (du cheval, etc.)' BK 2 1299
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-ara,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: ʕn (pyr)
Meaning: 'nail'
Demotic: ʕn.t
Coptic: *ʔini
Coptic meaning: 'thumb'
Bohairic: ini
Sahidic: eine
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,egyet-dem,egyet-cpt,egyet-cptmean,egyet-bbb,egyet-sss,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *niwan-
Meaning: 'nail'
Boghom: nyúun [Cs N77], nyóón, nywo:n [CLR: 246]
Kir: nyoŋ-ol [CLR]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-bgh,wchet-kir,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVNV
Meaning : tooth, peg
Austric : PAN *uNay 'sliver, splinter, foreign body embedded in the flesh'?
Amerind (misc.) : *onok 'thorn' (R 750) globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ɣoŋɣV
Meaning: peg, nail
Kartvelian: Georg. ɣvanɣval- 'hook, peg (for hanging baskets)'
References: ND 736 *Goǹ(V)Ga 'fingernail, claw' ( + Eg. and dubious Drav.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-esk,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *(o)nogh-
Meaning: nail (anat.), claw, hoof
Tokharian: ? A maku, B mekwa (PT *mekwā) 'finger/toe nails' (Adams 467)
Old Indian: áṅghri- m. `foot'; nakhá- m., n., nakhará- m., n. `fingernail, claw'
Other Iranian: NPers nāxun 'Nagel, Kralle'
Old Greek: ónüks, -ükhos m. `Nagel, Kralle, Huf'
Latin: unguis (gl. unx), gen. -is, abl. -ī (/-e) m. `Nagel an Finger oder an der Zehe des Menschen; Tatze, Kralle der Tiere', ungula f. `Klaue, Kralle, Huf'
Celtic: OIr ingen, pl. ingnea, dat. ingnib `Nagel'; OCymr eguin `Nagel', NCymr ewin f. `Nagel', Corn euuin `Nagel', Bret ivin m. `Nagel'
Russ. meaning: ноготь, коготь, копыто
piet-meaning,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-iran,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: но́готь,
Near etymology: род. п. но́гтя, укр. но́готь, блр. но́гоць, др.-русск., ст.-слав. ногъть ὄνυξ (Супр.), род. п. мн. ч. ногътъ тв. мн. ногъты и т. д. (Дильс, Aksl. Gr. 164), болг. но́кът (Младенов 359), сербохорв. но̏кат, род. п. но̏кта, словен. nȏhet, род. п. nȏhta, др.-чеш. nohet, род. п. nehte, чеш. nehet, слвц. neht -- то же, польск. nogieć, nokieć, в.-луж. nohć, н.-луж. nokś.
Further etymology: Праслав. *nogъtь преобразовано из основы на согласный *nogъt- по аналогии основ на -i. Следы согласной парадигмы обнаруживает ст.-слав., др.-русск., др.-чеш., др.-польск. Ср. также ногтое́д (Преобр. I, 610); *nogъt- -- уменьш. образование от нога́. Родственно лит. nagùtis "ноготь, коготь" (t-основа; см. Френкель, ZfslPh 20, 61), вост.-лит. nãgutė "скунец; ноготь", др.-прусск. nagutis "ноготь (на пальцах руки)", далее д.-в.-н. nаgаl "ноготь", гот. ganagljan "пригвождать", лат. unguis, греч. ὄνυξ, ὄνυχος "ноготь, коготь"; см. Траутман, ВSW 192; Арr. Sprd. 382; М.--Э. 2, 688; Френкель, там же; Педерсен, IF 5, 50 и сл.; Бругман, Grdr. 2, 1, 427. Относительно фонетической характеристики ср. также Шпехт у Хаверса (64).
Pages: 3,79-80
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *nag-a- c., -ā̂ f., *nag-ut-i- c.
Meaning: nail, claw, hand/foot
Lithuanian: nãgas `(Finger-, Zehen)nagel, Klaue, Kralle', pl. nagaĩ `Finger, Hand', nagùti-s `Nagel (demin.)', nagà `Huf'
Lettish: nagas pl. `beide Hände, Hände und Füsse', nag-s `Nagel'
Old Prussian: nage `Fuss' V. 145, nagepirstis [überl.] `Zehe' V. 149, nagutis `Nagel' V. 117, nagotis `eherner Topf' V. 349, nagis `Feuerstein' V.371
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,baltet-oprus,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *nagala-z, *nagila-z
Meaning: claw, nail
Gothic: *ga-nagljan wk. `nail on'
Old Norse: nagl m. `Nagel', nagli m. `Nagel, Pflock'
Norwegian: nagl; nagle
Swedish: nagel
Old Danish: naghle
Danish: negl
Old English: nägel (nägl), -es m. `nail of a finger or toe; nail, peg; instrument for striking the strings of a harp'
English: nail
Old Frisian: neil
Old Saxon: nagal
Middle Dutch: nāghel `nagel, klauw, pin, spijker, kruidnagel, gewichtssoort'
Dutch: nagel m.
Middle Low German: nāgel, negel, neil
Old High German: nagal `Nagel, Pflock, Riegel' (8.Jh.), `Finger-, Zehenagel' (9.Jh.); nagalōn, negilōn `nageln'
Middle High German: nagel st. m. (/ nail, neil, nāl) 'nagel an händen und füsen; nagel od. schraube von metall od. holz; aststelle im holze; gewürznelke; augenübel der pferde'
German: Nagel m.
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-odan,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-ofris,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1422
Root: onogh- (: ongh-, nogh-; kelt. n̥gh-), ongh-li-
English meaning: fingernail, claw
German meaning: `Nagel an Fingern und Zehen, Kralle'
General comments: z. T. mit Formans -u- (erweitert -ut-) und -lo-
Material: Ai. áṅghri- f. `Fuß' (vermutlich mit r aus l, *oŋgh-li-); mit ar. kh ai. nakhá m., n., nakhára- m. n., `Nagel, Kralle', np. nāxun ds. (ar. kh- eine Neuerung); vielleicht arm. eɫungn ds. (*e-nungn): gr. ὄνυξ, -υχος `Nagel, Kralle' (aus *ὀνχυ-?);
lat. ungu-is `der Nagel an Fingern und Zehen', ungula `Klaue, Huf', später auch `Nagel' (*ongh-(e)lā); air. ingen f. Dat. Pl. ingnib, Nom. Pl. ingnea, acymr. eguin, ncymr. ewin f., corn. euuin, bret. ivin (m. geworden) `Nagel' (*n̥ghu̯-īnā); ahd. nagal, ags. nægel `Nagel', aisl. nagl ds. (kons. St. geworden, Pl. negl); negl vielleicht ursprüngl. Sg. i-St., vgl. ai. áṅghri-, und zum Pl. umgedeutet, woran sich die weitere kons. Dekl. angliederte), got. ga-nagljan `annageln'; lit. nãgas m. `Nagel an Fingern und Zehen; Klaue bei Raubvögeln', lett. nags ds.; lit. nagà `Huf', apr. nage `Fuß', abg. noga, russ. nogá `Fuß' (kollektive ā-Bildung); lit. nagùtis, apr. nagutis `Fingernagel', abg. nogъtь, russ. nógotь `Nagel, Kralle';
nach Specht zu gr. ὄγκος (oben S. 46), also Wurzel on-.
References: WP. I 180 f., Trautmann 192, Specht Idg. Dekl. 2531.
Pages: 780
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 685
Proto: *oŋtV
English meaning: sting, spit
German meaning: Stachel, Spiess
Mari (Cheremis): unδǝ̑ (U), umδo, unto (C), unto (M) 'Stachel (der Insekten), Lanze, Spieß', unδo (B) 'Spieß; Stachel der Mücken'
Khanty (Ostyak): oŋtǝw (V) 'Spieß', oŋtǝ (DN) 'id., Bärenspieß', uŋti (O) 'Eisenspitze am Ende der Treibstange'
Mansi (Vogul): awtā (TJ), owtǝ (KU P), owta, ɔ̄wta (So.) 'Spieß' ( > Khanty N auti 'Spieß'?)
Nenets (Yurak): ńānt (O)'Schneide'
Enets (Yen): eddo (Ch.), naddo (B)
Nganasan (Tawgi): ŋait́a
Selkup: āŋti̮, oŋti̮ (Ta.)
Kamass: åŋ
Sammalahti's version: FU *o/uŋta
Addenda: Mot. андыка 'острый'
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-mar,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-nen,uralet-enc,uralet-nga,uralet-slk,uralet-kam,uralet-samm2,uralet-add,
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Eskimo etymology :
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Proto-Eskimo: *ńǝɣci- ~ *lǝɣci-
Meaning: hook, gaff
Russian meaning: крюк, багор
Comments: This stem can be confused with *ńakji- 'hook, crooked'. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 224
esqet-prnum,esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,esqet-inup,esqet-newcom,esqet-refer,
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Yupik etymology :
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Proto-Yupik: *ńǝɣci- ~ *lǝɣci-
Meaning: hook 1, fish-hook 2, gaff 3
Russian Meaning: крюк 1, рыболовный крючок 2, багор 3
Sirenik: //jixsǝχ 1, 3, jixsiʁ- 'to hook on to' [Em.]
Chaplino: //nǝkšǝk 1, 2
Naukan: nǝ́xsiq 3, //2 [Av.]
Central Alaskan Yupik: nǝxcik 3
Chevak (Peripheral): lǝxcix 3
Nunivak (Peripheral): nixsix* 2, lǝxcix 3
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 209, 224
yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-sir,yupet-chap,yupet-nauk,yupet-cay,yupet-chev,yupet-nun,yupet-ced,
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Inupik etymology :
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Proto-Inupik: *nǝ̣kcị-
Meaning: hook 1, fish-hook 2, gaff 3
Russian meaning: крюк 1, рыболовный крючок 2, багор 3
Seward Peninsula Inupik: niksik 3
SPI Dialects: Imaq nɨ́ksiûraq 2, W niɣsik* (īk, īt) 2
North Alaskan Inupik: niksik 2, 3
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl niksik* 2
Western Canadian Inupik: niksik 2
WCI Dialects: Cor niɣx́ik* 2, M niɣsik* 2
Eastern Canadian Inupik: nitsik 1
Greenlandic Inupik: nissik 1, nigsik* 2 [Jen.]
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 224
inupet-prnum,inupet-meaning,inupet-rmean,inupet-spi,inupet-spis,inupet-nai,inupet-nais,inupet-wci,inupet-wcis,inupet-eci,inupet-gri,inupet-ced,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ħŋwăħV̆
Meaning: tooth, peg
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ħmăħwV̆
Meaning: stalk, crooked stick
Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ħuma Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. One of the few nominal roots with the structure HRVHV.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *maʡa-r, *mʡā-ra
Meaning: 1 fork 2 fishing-rod 3 hook
Chechen: maʕar,mʕāra 1,2
Ingush: mʕara 2,3
Comments: 6th class in both languages. The form mʕāra is obviously a contraction < *maʕara.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ħuma
Meaning: 1 stalk, stem 2 post, prop 3 thick stick, log
Avar: máħu 1
Andian language: huma 1,2
Akhvakh: huma 2,3
Chamalal: huma 1,2
Tindi: huma 1,2
Karata: huma 1,2
Godoberi: huma 1,2
Comments: Av. paradigm C (maħá-lzul, máħa-bi) is probably secondary, due to contamination with máħu 'leg, foot' (q.v.). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Ratl. homa, Kar. Tok. huma 'log'.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *ħem A
Meaning: pier, bearing pillar
Tsezi: im, (Kid.) ʕim
Ginukh: im
Khvarshi: im (Radzhibov)
Inkhokvari: em
Bezhta: hem
Gunzib: hem
Comments: PTsKh *ʔem, PGB *hem.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: maI
Meaning: hook, bolt
Lak form: maI
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *ʕumu-l ( ~ h-)
Meaning: bar, bolt
Akusha: ʕumul
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ŋrɨā
Meaning: tooth, tusk
Lushai: ŋhô a tusk, a fang, a tush.
Comments: Taungthu tǝŋa tooth. Ben. 137.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-lush,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 牙
Modern (Beijing) reading: yá
Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋrā
Classic Old Chinese: ŋrā
Western Han Chinese: ŋrā
Eastern Han Chinese: ŋrǟ
Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋạ̄
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋạ̄
Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋạ̄
Middle Chinese: ŋạ
English meaning : tooth, tusk, (ivory)
Russian meaning[s]: 1) зуб, клык; вцепиться зубами; зубчатый; 2) слоновая кость; 3) посредник, комиссионер; маклер; 4) стар. невысокие военные должности; 5) умный, понятливый; 6) Я (фамилия)
Comments: Standard Sino-Viet. is nha. For *ŋ- cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou ge2, Fuzhou, Jianou ŋa2.
Radical: 92
Four-angle index: 3251
Karlgren code: 0037 a-b
Vietnamese reading: ngà
Shijing occurrences: 17.3
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 113
Character: 牙
MC description : 假開二平麻疑
ZIHUI: 3660 0109
Beijing: ia 12
Jinan: ia 12
Xi'an: ia 12
Taiyuan: ia 1
Hankou: ia 12
Chengdu: ia 12
Yangzhou: iâ 12
Suzhou: ia_ 12 (lit.); ŋa_ 12
Wenzhou: ŋo 12
Changsha: ia 12 (lit.); ŋa 12
Shuangfeng: ŋo 12
Nanchang: ŋa 31
Meixian: ŋa 12
Guangzhou: ŋa 12
Xiamen: ga 12 (lit.); ge 12
Chaozhou: ge 12
Fuzhou: ŋa 12
Shanghai: ŋa 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: a 12
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *ŋV-
Meaning: tooth
Kaling: ŋa-lu tooth
Comments: Only in the comp. *ŋV-lok (see *lok).
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-kal,kiret-dum,kiret-notes,
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Dumi dictionary :
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Entry: Nilo:
Grammar: n.
Meaning: tooth, fang
Nepali: dāʔt.
Derivation: [also attested in Sasarkā ]
dumet-prnum,dumet-pspeech,dumet-meaning,dumet-nepali,dumet-dercomm,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *me
Meaning: tooth
Yasin: -mé
Hunza: -mé
Nagar: -mé
Comments: Cf. also Yas., Hun., Nag. i-mé-kus `small nail'.
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,buruet-notes,
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