East Chadic etymology : List with all references

Notes: Some of the Cush forms may be Semitisms. Cf. *la/ipʔ- 'inner organ; chest and belly with interior'. Cf. also *lab- 'side of body' probably related. Cf. Bla Review 503-4. Cf. *nib- 'heart'.

Number: 2142

Proto-Semitic: *libb-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: heart

Akkadian: libbu OA on [CAD l 164], [AHw 549]

Eblaitic: li-bù /libbu(m)/ [Kr 22; Bl E No. 65]

Ugaritic: lb [DLU 240]

Phoenician: lb [T 155]

Hebrew: lēb [KB 513], lēbāb [ibid. 515]

Aramaic: OFF lb [HJ 561]

Biblical Aramaic: *lēb (with suff. libb-), *lǝbab (with suff. libǝb-) [KB deutsch 1730]

Judaic Aramaic: libbā, lǝbābā, libǝbā (also 'bosom, thought, mind' [Ja 686]); lb, det. läbbā, lybh, pl. lbbyn [Sok 273]

Syrian Aramaic: lebbā [Brock 354]

Modern Aramaic: MAL leppa 'Herz' (suff. lippi) [Berg 52] TUR lēbo 'Heart' [R Ṭūrōyō 116] HRT lebba 'Herz' [J Hert 192] NASS libä 'Heart' [Tser 0116] URM libbǝ 'Heart' [R Urmi 100] ZAKH lǝbba (lübba) 'heart' [R Zakho 108] MMND leb, emph. lebba 'heart' [M MND 505] GZR líbba [Nak 78] AZR libba 'heart' [Garb 317] IRAN *libbā 'il cuore, la mente, lo stomaco' (c. suff. libbú etc.) [Pen 97]

Mandaic Aramaic: liba, lub, lbab (abs., constr.) 'pulp, core, heart, mind' [DM 232, 234]

Arabic: lubb- 'coeur, milieu, noyau, graine' [BK 2 955] (-u- <*-i- before -b?)

Modern Arabic: SYR libbe

Epigraphic South Arabian: SAB lb 'heart' [SD 81]; lbb 'palm-heart' [ibid.]; MIN lb [LM 56]

Geʕez (Ethiopian): lǝbb (also 'mind') [LGz 304]

Tigre: lǝbb [LH 39]

Tigrai (Tigriñña): lǝbbi [Bass 22]

Amharic: lǝbb (also 'belly') [K 71]

Gurage: MUH SOD GOG lǝbb [LGur 373]

Mehri: ḥǝ-wbēb [JM 250]

Jibbali: ubbǝ́tǝ, ɛbbǝ́tǝ [JJ 159] (<*lVbb-ǝt)

Harsusi: ḥe-lbēb [JH 82]

Soqotri: ʔílbib [LS 61], [SSL LS 1465].

According to Leslau, "le ʔ initial est un ʔ prosthétique" [ibid.]; rather a prefix (ʔi- < *ʔa- influenced by -i- of the second syllable?). Note that lbib 'conscience' [LS 228] is likely an Arabism

Notes: Note another form, *libab-, to be reconstructed as common SEM from HBR (where lēbāb was explained by Kuriɫowicz as a historically broken plural in -a- from lēb [Kuriɫowicz 179]), ARM and MSA (probably *libib).

[Fron 47] (*libb- 'cuore' /GEZ,ARB,SYR,HBR,UGR,AKK); [Holma 69]: AKK, ARB, HBR, SYR, GEZ; [KB 513]: HBR, UGR, PHO, ARM, ARB, ESA, GEZ, TGR, AKK; [DLU 240]: UGR, HBR, PHO, ARM, AKK, ARB, ESA, GEZ; [Brock 354]: SYR, ARM, HBR, ARB, AKK, GEZ; [LGz 304]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, ESA, SOQ, HBR, ARM, UGR, AKK; [LS 61]: SOQ, JIB, HBR, ARM, AKK, GEZ, ARB, ESA

Old Egyptian: ỉb (pyr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'heart'

Notes: Cf. ỉꜣby (pyr) 'left'.

Proto-WChadic: *lVb-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'lungs'

Chip: lǝp {Kr N 73]

Proto-CChadic: *libib- 1 ~ *liḅ- 2

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'heart' 1, 'belly' 2

Kilba: líbìbì 1

Gava: ʔurva 1 [Kr N 69]̀

Daba: lìḅī 2[CLR: 21]

Musgoy: lib 2 [CLR: 21]

Notes: Cf. Gav ʔurva [Kr N 69]̀ Zgh ǝ́rva-ŋǝ́ḍe [Lr] 'heart' (<*ʔarv- <*ʔa-lVb-?); in the Glavda group *-lVb- > -lVv-> -lv- > -rv- (for the same change cf. *lbʔ 'lion').

Bedauye: lɛw (<*lib-?)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'pylorus'

Notes: Roper. Cf. leeb 'belly, stomack, heart' (Rein) which may be a Semitism.

Proto-Agaw: *lab-ak-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'heart'

Bilin: läbbäka

Qwara: läbakaa

Dembea: läbakaa

Qemant: lǝbäkaa

Notes: Suffix *-ak-?

Proto-Saho-Afar: *lubb-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'heart, soul, yolk, soft part'

Afar (Danakil): lubbi

Notes: A loan from Eth. or Arab.?

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *la/ubb-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'heart' 1, 'soul, spirit' 2, 'chest' 3

Somali: laab 1, 3 (Abr 3, Som-It 1, 3)

Oromo (Galla): lubbuu 2 (Gragg 267)

Konso: luppoota 1, 2

Notes: Oromo may be an Arabism.

Proto-High East Cushitic: *lubb-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'soul'

Sidamo: lubbo

Burji (Bambala, Dashe): lubbóo

Notes: Sass Bur 135-6.

Proto-South Cushitic: *li/ub-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'chest' 1, 'spleen' 2

Asa-Aramanic: liba

Ma'a (Mbugu): lubúra 2

Proto-Omotic: *yib- (<*lib-?)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'heart'

Anfillo (Southern Mao): yiboo

Borean (approx.) : LVPV

Meaning : spleen

Eurasiatic : *lVṗV ?

Afroasiatic : *la/ipʔ-; also *li/ubb- 'heart', probably just a variant

Austric : *limpa` spleen (?)

Reference : Peiros 1989, 129.

Eurasiatic: *lVṗV ?

Meaning: spleen

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *lepr-

Altaic: *li̯ap`V

Uralic: *läppV

References: ND 1310 *l[ä]ṗA 'spleen'.

Proto-IE: *lep-r-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: liver

Armenian: leard `Leber'

Germanic: *libr-ṓ f.

Russ. meaning: печень

References: WP I 205 f

Proto-Germanic: *librṓ

Meaning: liver

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: lifr f. `Leber'

Norwegian: liv(e)r

Swedish: lever

Danish: lever

Old English: lifer, -e f. `liver'

English: liver

Old Frisian: livere

Middle Dutch: lēvere, lēver f.

Dutch: lever f.

Middle Low German: lēver(e)

Old High German: lebara (8.Jh.)

Middle High German: lëber(e) st./wk. f.

German: Leber f.

Proto-Altaic: *li̯ap`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: spleen

Russian meaning: селезенка

Turkic: *japal

Mongolian: *niɣalta

Tungus-Manchu: *lipče

Comments: A Western isogloss. Very scantily represented in Turkic and TM, but probably archaic.

Proto-Turkic: *japal

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: spleen

Russian meaning: селезенка

Tuva: čavana, Todzh. (Рас. ФиЛ, 194) čɨ'val

Tofalar: ča'p`al

Comments: An isolated Sayan root.

Proto-Mongolian: *niɣalta

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: spleen (of animals)

Russian meaning: селезенка (животных)

Written Mongolian: niɣalta (L 557: naɣalta)

Khalkha: nālt

Buriat: ńālta

Ordos: nālta

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *lip-če

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: spleen

Russian meaning: селезенка

Orok: lipče

Comments: ТМС 1, 499.

Number: 473

Proto: *läppV ( ~ *δäppV, -e-)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: spleen

German meaning: Milz

Saam (Lapp): dađ've -đ-, daw'de (N) 'milt', tab'tē (L) 'Milz', hàb^ǝδ̀è (Malå), tā_ipte (T) ?

Mari (Cheremis): lepǝ (KB), lep (U B)

Udmurt (Votyak): lup (S K), lub (Uf.)

Komi (Zyrian): lop (lopj-) (S), lop (PO)

Khanty (Ostyak): лȧ̆pǝtne (Trj.), лepǝtne (Kaz.)

Hungarian: lép

Nenets (Yurak): rapśā (Nj.), лapśā (P)

Sammalahti's version: FU *däpd/ppä

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