East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *taba(H)-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'foot'

Kabalai: tàbà́ [Cp]

Mobu (dial. Kwang): tàbá [??]

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ta/ibʕ-

Meaning: foot, heel

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Western Chadic: *tyab- 'footprint'

East Chadic: *taba(H)- 'foot'

Saho-Afar: *tibiʕ- 'foot, heel'

Low East Cushitic: *teb- 'foot'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *tyab-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'footprint'

Tangale: tíobo [JgT]

Notes: Cp. also Bokkos tàmbà-i sây 'foot', tàmbà-i râ 'hand', the meaning of tamba is unknown.

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *tibiʕ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'foot, heel'

Afar (Danakil): tibiʕ

Notes: Unexpected *-ʕ-

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *teb-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'foot'

Arbore: teb

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVPV

Meaning : hoof, finger(nail)

Eurasiatic : *ṭUṗV hoof

Afroasiatic : *ta/ibʕ-

Sino-Caucasian : *[ṭ]wǝbí finger

Amerind (misc.) : *tap 'hand; finger, arm' (R 355)

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṭUṗV

Meaning: hoof

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *t`i̯ŭ́p`o

Uralic: Sam. *topɔ 'hoof'

References: ND 2325 *ṭUbʡV 'hoof, nail, heel' (but SH 'heel' hardly here); 2404 *ṭVP_RV 'part of the foot' (Mong. + Berb.).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *t`i̯ŭ́p`o

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: nail; hoof

Russian meaning: ноготь; копыто

Turkic: *tubńa-k

Mongolian: *tuwra, *turuɣu

Tungus-Manchu: *tüpa, *tüp-ken

Korean: *tòph

Japanese: *túmá-i

Comments: EAS 98, Владимирцов 293, Poppe 66 (Turk.-Mong.), Martin 228, АПиПЯЯ 96-97, 278, Лексика 147. Despite Doerfer's (TMN 2, 647-648) doubts, the Turk. form cannot be separated from the others, although it shows a somewhat peculiar phonetic development. PJ *túmá- < *túpá-n-: cf. also OJ tubunak(j)i 'ankle' ( = PT *tubńak, Evn. tuwnuke).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *tubńa-k

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hoof

Russian meaning: копыто

Karakhanid: tujaɣ (MK), tujnaq (IM)

Turkish: dujnak

Tatar: tojaq

Middle Turkic: tuwaq (Sangl., Abush.), (MKypch.) tujaq (AH)

Uzbek: tujɔq

Uighur: tuwaq

Sary-Yughur: tujaɣ, tɨjɨɣ

Turkmen: tojnaq

Khakassian: tujɣax

Shor: tujɣaq

Oyrat: tujɣaq

Yakut: tuj̃ax

Dolgan: tuńak

Tuva: dujuɣ

Tofalar: duj̃uɣ (Рас. ФиЛ), tujuɣ

Kirghiz: tujaq

Kazakh: tujaq

Noghai: tujaq

Bashkir: tojaq

Balkar: tujaq

Karaim: tujaq

Karakalpak: tujaq, dojnaq (< Turkm.)

Salar: c'ɨnaɣ (ССЯ)

Kumyk: tujaq

Comments: VEWT 499-500, EDT 519, Лексика 147, Stachowski 230. Chag., Uygh. tuwaq point to a labial *-b- in the stem, while Yak. -j̃- and -j- in other languages - to *-ń-: these reflexes can only be reconciled if we accept a cluster like *-bń- in the protoform (perhaps a contraction < *tupi-nak or sim.).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *tuwra, *turuɣu

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 hoof 2 lower hard part of hoof

Russian meaning: 1 копыто 2 нижний край копыта

Written Mongolian: turuɣu, taura, tuɣurai 1; tuɣur(a) 2 (L 839)

Middle Mongolian: turu'un (HY 15), tar (IM) 1, turwun (Lig.VMI), turu (MA)

Khalkha: tūr, tūraj, turū 1

Buriat: turū(n) 1

Kalmuck: turūn 1; tūr 2

Ordos: tūrǟ 1

Dagur: torō (Тод. Даг. 168) 1

Shary-Yoghur: turūn 1

Comments: KW 412, 413, MGCD 649. Cf. also tujila- 'to hit with hooves, feet (of a horse)'.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *tüpa, *tüp-ken

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 nail, peg 2 (finger)nail

Russian meaning: 1 гвоздь, колышек 2 ноготь

Evenki: tipken 1

Even: tipkir, tipken 1

Negidal: tipkēn 1

Ulcha: tukpe(n) 1

Orok: tupke(n)/-kpen 1

Nanai: tukpẽ 1

Oroch: tipa 2, tippe 1

Udighe: tikpe(n) 1

Solon: tikkēsũ 1

Comments: ТМС 2,185-186. A suffixless form *tüpa is reflected in Oroch tipa 'fingernail'(vs. tippe 'nail, peg'). TM > Dag. tibke- 'to nail', tibkēs 'nail' (Тод. Даг. 167).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *tòph

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: finger-nail, toe-nail

Russian meaning: ноготь

Modern Korean: son-thop

Middle Korean: thòp

Comments: Nam 459, KED 1708.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *túmái

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: finger-nail, claw

Russian meaning: ноготь, коготь

Old Japanese: tume

Middle Japanese: túmé

Tokyo: tsùme

Kyoto: tsúmé

Kagoshima: tsúme

Nase: čìmɨ́

Shuri: čímì

Hateruma: sɨ_̀m_ì

Yonakuni: m̀mí

Comments: JLTT 555. Cf. also OJ tubu-busi ( ~ -p-) 'ankle'.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *[ṭ]wǝbí

Meaning: finger

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ṭwɨbi (~-ǝ-)

Sino-Tibetan: *TVp

Yenisseian: *tǝpalči

Basque: *(hac)-tapa-r̄

Comments and references : HGC 25.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ṭwɨbi (~-ǝ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: finger

Proto-Dargwa: *ṭuṗ

Proto-Lezghian: *ṭup:

Notes: A Darg.-Lezg. isogloss. Correspondences are regular (except for an assimilation *ṭub > *ṭuṗ in PD).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ṭuṗ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: finger

Akusha: ṭuṗ (Kait.)

Comments: Cf. also Kub. ṭuṗ id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ṭup:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 finger 2 finger-ring

Lezghian: ṭub 1

Tabasaran: ṭub 1

Agul: ṭub 1

Rutul: ṭɨbǝʔǝl 2 (Shin.)

Tsakhur: ṭub 1

Comment: Cf. Lezg. erg. tuṗu; Lezg. Khl. ṭub, tṗa-; Tab. Düb. ṭuw; Ag. Bursh., Burk. ṭu (ṭuw-), Tsakh. Gelm. ṭɨb. Obl. base *ṭup:e- (cf. Tab. ṭuba-, Ag. ṭubu-, Burk. ṭuwi-, Tsakh. Gelm. ṭɨba-). Several languages have an old derivate from the same root meaning 'finger-ring', cf. Lezg. tuṗal, Tab. ṭublan, Ag. ṭubal, Rut. Khniukh., Shin. ṭɨbǝʔǝl (PL *ṭup:al).

    Cf. Бокарев 1961, 62; Лексика 1971, 120; Гигинейшвили 1977, 81; Талибов 1980, 284; Хайдаков 1973, 92.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *TVp

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: finger(s)

Tibetan: theb 'thumb'

Lepcha: tap 'fist'

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *tǝpalči

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thimble

Ket: tъ̄ĺt / tʌɣǝĺt⁶ (кур. tʌɣǝĺtǝ⁶), pl. tʌɣǝĺtǝŋ⁵

Yug: tʌfalči⁶, pl. tʌfaĺčaŋ⁵

Comments: ССЕ 284. Ket -ɣ- is obviously secondary (perhaps an unprecise recording - however, repeated in Werner 2, 301 as tʌ́ɣɔĺta / tǝ̄ĺt(a)), as seen from the Yug -f-. Werner 2, 301 reconstructs <*t^hǝqp^hǝlt'ǝ / *t^hǝp^hǝlt'ǝ>, connecting the word with *tǝʔq 'finger', but there is absolutely no trace of any -q- here.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *(hac)-tapa-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 finger 2 paw 3 claw (of bird), talon 4 (worker's) hand

Bizkaian: atzamar 1

Gipuzkoan: atzapar 3

High Navarrese: atzapar 3, (Esteribar) aztapar 2

Low Navarrese: aztapar 2

Lapurdian: atzapar 3

Baztanese: aztapar 2

Zuberoan: aztápar 2, 4

Roncalese: aztapar 2

Comments: Analyzed here as a compound of Bsq *hac 'finger' (q.v.) + PSC *[ṭ]wǝbí 'finger'. The difficult cluster /tst/ was simplified to /st/ in the East, /ts/ in the West, and in BZK folk etymology has changed the last two syllables to match *hamaṙ ‘ten’ (q.v.).

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