Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ʔul-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'stick'

Somali: ul

Oromo (Galla): ulle

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVl-

Meaning: stick

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ʔal-

Egyptian: ỉꜣꜣ.t (ME) 'branch'

Western Chadic: *yal- 'stick'

Low East Cushitic: *ʔul- 'stick'

Warazi (Dullay): *ʔul- 'stick'

Notes: Cf. SA *ʕil- "stick" (Saho ʕiloo, Afar ʕiloo) with initial *ʕ-. Cf. also *ʔirVy- ~ *ʔVwVrr- 'stick'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1418

Proto-Semitic: *ʔal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'stick, club'

Hebrew: ʔalā

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: ỉꜣꜣ.t (ME)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'branch'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *yal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'stick'

Bokos: yàl [JgR]

Notes: Cf. Kirfi wḕlé, Glm wàlá 'tree' [ShB]. Tangale wala (ala) id. < *ʒala

Warazi etymology :

Proto-Warazi: *ʔul-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'stick'

Gawwada (Gawata): ul-itte

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVLV

Meaning : branch, stick

Eurasiatic : *HelV

Afroasiatic : *ʔal-/ʔul- (also *ʕal- )

Sino-Caucasian : *jʡV̆́ɫV

Austric : PAA *lɛ 'bamboo', PAN *seli 'young shoot'

Reference : ND 803a. NDR 30 (*ʔ[o]LV or *ʔoyil̄V 'bough, hook') compares PSH with Alt. *i̯ōĺe 'hang on smth.' for which see rather PN *HUlV. Cf. also SDr *ōl- 'leaf', *ʕVlVy- (or *ɣ-) 'leaf' - see Dolg. ND 131a *ʡ/Gol[Vy]V 'leaf'.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *HelV

Meaning: leaf, branch

Borean: Borean

Uralic: *elV

Dravidian: *Ìl-ai

References: ND 803a *.el̄V 'sprout, twig'. [Cf. IE *alis-, *elus- 'alder', Georg. alva 'poplar' - united in ND 824 *ħäl̄u 'a tree (poplar or sim.).]

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1240

Proto: *elV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: branch

German meaning: Ast, Zweig

Mordovian: iĺej, iĺij (E (Paas.: MSFOu. 22:32)) , (ERS) iĺev, M (Paas.: a.a.O.) iĺi 'Rute, (MoRS) 'ветка'

Udmurt (Votyak): ul (S KG) 'Knospe; Baumknoten; Sprosse, Sprößling (S K); Ast (G)'

Nenets (Yurak): ul (ulj-) (S), P uv (uvj-), PO ul 'Ast, Zweig'.

K. Redei's notes: Mord. E ej, ij, ev und M i ( < *ij) sind denom. Nominalsuffixe.

References: Redei: NyK 67:338; ESK.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *Ìl-ai

Meaning : leaf

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *Il-ai

Notes : A good SDR root.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *Il-ai

Meaning : leaf

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : ilai

Tamil meaning : leaf, petal

Tamil derivates : (-pp-, -tt-) to become green

Malayalam : ila

Malayalam meaning : leaf

Malayalam derivates : ilaccal foliage; ilakku, elakku a single leaflet of a palm

Kannada : ele, ela

Kannada meaning : leaf

Kodagu : elakaṇḍa

Kodagu meaning : leaf

Tulu : elè, irè

Tulu meaning : leaf

Proto-Nilgiri : *el[ä]

Number in DED : 0497

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *el[ä]

Meaning : leaf

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : el

Toda : es_

Number in DED : 497

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *jʡV̆́ɫV

Meaning: branch

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʡăɫV

Sino-Tibetan: *jǝ̄l (/-r)

Yenisseian: *ʔuʔlan ( ~ x-, j-)

Basque: *(H)aro

Comments and references : HGC 30, WFR 31.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʡăɫV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: branch

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ħala ( ~ o)

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔalV

Notes: An And.-Tsez. isogloss. There are no certain parallels in other languages. However, there is an interesting possibility of comparing PL *ʔala 'weed', possibly represented in Tsakh. ala id. The Tsakh. word seems to be, at first sight (together with Kryz. alaʁ and Khin. alaʁ id.) an Azerb. loan (Azerb. alaG 'weed'); however, within Turkic the root is purely Azeri (it is not attested even in Turkish), so it may itself be a Caucasian loanword.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ħala ( ~ o)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: branch

Akhvakh: hala

Chamalal: hala

Tindi: hala

Karata: hala

Godoberi: hala

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔalV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: branch

Tsezi: ara

Ginukh: ali

Khvarshi: ala

Inkhokvari: ala

Bezhta: äle (Khosh.)

Gunzib: ale

Comments: PTsKh *ʔaRa; PGB *ʔale.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *jǝ̄l (/-r)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sprout, branch

Chinese: 荑 *lhǝ̄j sprout, shoot.

Tibetan: jal-ga branch, bough.

Lushai: zār a bough, a branch.

Chinese characters :

Character: 荑

Modern (Beijing) reading: tí

Preclassic Old Chinese: lhǝ̄j

Classic Old Chinese: lhǝ̄j

Western Han Chinese: lhǝ̄j

Eastern Han Chinese: lhǝ̄j

Early Postclassic Chinese: dhǝ̄j

Middle Postclassic Chinese: dhǝ̄j

Late Postclassic Chinese: dhǝ̄j

Middle Chinese: diej

English meaning : a shoot

Comments: For *lh- cf. Fuzhou thä².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0551 k

Shijing occurrences: 42.3_, 57.2_

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔuʔlan (~x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rod, twig

Ket: ulan⁵, pl. ulanǝŋ⁵

Yug: ulan⁵, pl. ulanǝŋ⁵ [Werner 2, 329: úĺĺan / úllan]

Comments: ССЕ 200. Werner 2, 329 *ullan.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *(H)aro

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 knot of tree 2 *stick, pole

Bizkaian: ara-ka 1

Roncalese: ara-kaldi 2

Comments: RNC arakaldi is glossed as 'tanda de palos / volée de coups de bāton', implying underlying *(H)aro 'stick, pole': for formation cf. besa-ka (BNV) 'rama(s) de un árbol' < *beśo 'arm'.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *lV

Meaning: bamboo, shoot

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *lɛ; also *lej / *lɛj / *laj bamboo, lVw bamboo, lVh bamboo

Austroasiatic meaning: bamboo

Miao-Yao parallels: MY *hlau.B > Yao lhau.1

Proto-Austronesian: *seli; PChamic *ʔalɛ "medium bamboo" (TH-309; Mal buluh, Ache bulAh

Austronesian meaning: young shoot

Proto-Thai: lao.A Clf. for bamboo

References: Peiros 1998, 158.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: lVh

Meaning: bamboo

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: HK bǝluh

Proto-Bahnaric: NB *luh

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *luh

Meaning: bamboo

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: hǝmluh (not in D)

Bahnar meaning: sp. of bamboo

Proto-South Bahnaric: *leh, kǝ-/tǝ-

References: SBS-756

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric:

Meaning: woodpecker

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: tǝleh.T

Rengao meaning: woodpecker

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *leh, kǝ-/tǝ-

Meaning: woodpecker

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: tǝleh

Chrau meaning: woodpecker

Stieng form: klɛh

Stieng meaning: woodpecker

References: SBS-756

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