Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *gaʔ/ʕ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: bite

Dime: gaʔ

Hamer: gaʔ

Ongota: gaʔ [SLLE 4], gaʕa [Fl Ong 42] (if not gaʕa but ġaʕ- [ST 126], with a glottolized ġ, is a correct form, it is likely a loan < Tsamay q'aw; another possiblity is a loan < Hamar)

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷay/ʔ-

Meaning: chin, jaw; bite

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Egyptian: wgy.t (pyr) 'lower jaw'

Western Chadic: *(nV-)gay/H- 'chin' 1, 'beard' 2

Central Chadic: *gʷay- 'chin' 1, 'beard' 2

High East Cushitic: Burji gam-, Hadiya gaʔm, Sidamo gaʔm 'bite'

Omotic: *gaʔ/ʕ- 'bite'

Notes: Scarce data.

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: wgy.t (pyr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'lower jaw'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *(nV-)gay/H-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'chin' 1, 'beard' 2

Boghom: Bgh ŋa [CLR: 76] 1 (<*n-gaH-?)

Ngizim: gḗge [ShN] 2

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *gʷay-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'chin' 1, 'beard' 2

Tera: gège [Nm] 'beard' 2

Lamang: góyó [CLR: 77]

Dghwede=Zǝɣwana: gwá-ŋgà [CLR]

Glavda: gʷiyà [Kr N 43]

Gava: gʷùyà [Kr N 43]

Cineni=Nakatsa: gʷìya [Kr N 43]

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVHV

Meaning : neck, head

Afroasiatic : *gVʔVw- ~ *ʔVgVw- (cf. also *gʷay-)

Sino-Caucasian : *ḳÚHV

Austric : PAN *pekuq, *teŋuq 'nape, neck', PAA *kɔ(ʔ) 'neck', (Usher) MY *heu, Daic kǝu, ku 'head'

Amerind (misc.) : *koa 'forehead' (R 290); *ḳoe 'neck' (R 499)

African (misc.) : Cf. Ijo kɔ_gɔu 'neck'.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ḳÚHV

Meaning: head

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Sino-Tibetan: *k(h)ǝwH

Yenisseian: *goʔ

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *qhǝ̄wH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: head

Chinese: 后 *ghōʔ sovereign, lord, queen.

Tibetan: mgo head; first place, principal part, ãgo officer, captain.

Burmese: uh head, beginning, LB *(s)ɣu.

Lushai: ? kô, KC *kô head.

Comments: Cf. also Tib. mgon principal, master; lord; BG: Garo sko, Dimasa sagau ; Digaro mkau ~ mku-ra. Sh. 50; Ben. 149. KC k- is quite irregular and suggests that there may be two roots: *k(h)ow(H) head and *qhōwH sovereign, principal - merging in some languages.

Chinese characters :

Character: 后

Modern (Beijing) reading: hòu

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghōʔ ghōʔs

Classic Old Chinese: ghṓ

Western Han Chinese: ɣwā́

Eastern Han Chinese: ɣwā́

Early Postclassic Chinese: ɣṓw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ɣǝ̄̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: ɣǝ̄̀w

Middle Chinese: ɣʌ́w ɣʌ̀w

Fanqie: 菏藕

Rhyme class: 宥, 有

English meaning : prince, sovereign, a major lord

Russian meaning[s]: 1) государь, правитель; императрица; 2) после, затем, вм. 後

Shuowen gloss: 繼體君也. 象人之形. 施令. 以告四方. 故厂之. 從一口. 發號者. 君后也. 凡后之屬皆從后.

Comments: Also read *ghōʔ-s, MC ɣл̀w id. For *gh- cf. Xiamen au⁶, Chaozhou au⁴.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 1135

Karlgren code: 0112 a-b

Vietnamese reading: hậu

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *goʔ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: brain, marrow

Ket: kɔɣat⁵ "marrow", (Werner 1, 444) "Knochen des Unterschenkels; Unterbein", (Werner 1, 440) kó-ńeŋ 'Knochenmark aus mehreren Knochen"

Yug: kɔʔ

Kottish: kō-naŋ, pl. -an

Comments: ССЕ 228. Ket has a compound with aʔt 'bone', with epenthetic -ɣ-; Kottish also has a compound with *nɔʔŋ > *dɔʔŋ 'brain' q. v. See Werner 1, 440 <*koʔ>, 444, 445.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *kUʔ

Meaning: neck

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *kɔ

Austroasiatic meaning: neck

Munda parallels: JUA koŋko

Proto-Austronesian: *pekuq

Austronesian meaning: nape, neck; *teŋuq

Austronesian code: 17:64; 23:22

Proto-Thai: gɔ:.A throat, neck

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *kɔ(ʔ)

Meaning: neck

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: gɔ:.A throat, neck

Proto-Katuic: AND ʔǝkɔʔ < CHAM ?

Proto-Bahnaric: *kɔ

Khmer: kɔ:

Proto-Vietic: *koh

Proto-Monic: *kɔ:ʔ

Proto-Palaungic: *kɔʔ

References: Kh 758; VHL 276; S-52

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic:

Meaning: head

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-East Katuic: AND ʔǝkɔʔ

Notes: A loan from CHAMIC ?

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *kɔ

Meaning: neck

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: ʔǝkɔ:

Bahnar meaning: neck

Proto-South Bahnaric: *kɔ, nǝ-

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *kɔ, nǝ-

Meaning: neck

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Other SB languages: MA kɔ:

References: SBS-392

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: kɔ:

Meaning: neck

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *koh

Meaning: neck

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: côʔ

Tum: kaw.212

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *kɔ:ʔ

Meaning: neck

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: kaʔ

Old Mon: koʔ

Middle Mon: kaʔ

Nyakur: kɔ:ʔ.L

Nyakur meaning: neck

References: N110; S-52

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *kɔʔ

Meaning: neck

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Angku: *kɔʔ, N-

Lamet: kɔʔ.1 neck

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *kɔʔ, N-

Meaning: neck

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: ghɔʔ.55

Shuangdiang: ghɔ.11

Gantang: kho.35

Yongde: khɔ.15

Mang'an: ŋkhɔʔ.55

U: ŋkhɔʔ.4

Khamet: la:m.11 khɔʔ.53

Khme: khuǝ.51 ghɔ.51

References: WW-255

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