Semitic etymology :

Number: 2425

Proto-Semitic: *ʔarḫ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: cow, heifer'.

Akkadian: arḫu 'cow' OB on [CAD a2 263], [AHw. 67]. // Found in a relatively small number of OB economical texts (v. discussion in [Stol 175-6]). In later periods mostly in literary texts (often under the logogram ÁB). For the meaing of a. cf. the LL opposing arḫu TUR-tú ša lā tūlidu 'the small a. which did not calve' and arḫu GAL ša tūlidu 'the big a. which calved'.

Ugaritic: ʔarḫ 'vaca, novilla' [DLU 49]. // Only in mytho-poetical texts, in particular applied to goddesses (ʔilht ʔarḫt 'goddesses-cows' in KTU 1.4 VI 50, ʕnt ʔarḫ bʕl 'Anat, Baʕlu's cow' in 1.13 29).

Canaanite: Amm. ʔrḥ 'young cow' [HJ 107]. // On the ostracon Heshbon 1.5 (ʔrḥ bt 2 'a two-year-old cow', cf. [Jackson 93]).

Aramaic: Dem. ʔrḫ 'cow' [HJ 1253].

Arabic: ʔirḫ- 'jeune taureau', ʔirh̊at- 'génisse' [BK 1 24], [Fr. I 25], [LA III 4] (in the last two sources, also ʔarḫ-, ʔurḫiyy-). Cf. also ʔirāḫ- 'antilope' ........

Tigrai (Tigriñña): ʔarḥi 'giovenca, vacca che non abbia ancora figliato' [Bass. 493], ʔarḥo 'toro' [ibid.].

Soqotri: ʔarḥ 'génisse' [LS 74].

Notes: Cf. Cha. Eža Msq. äre, Cha. ärạ̈, Sel. ǝri, ire, Sel. Eža Gyt äray, End. Enm. areʔ, Wol. ǝrǝččä, Sel. irǝččä 'cows' [LGur. 82]. Leslau considers these forms to be Cushitisms but at the // same time compares them with Soq. ʔerehon 'small cattle', semantically obviously inferior to the comparison with the present root. // Cf. Akk. turāḫu (tarāḫu) 'Bergziegenbock, Steinbock' OAkk. on [AHw. 1372] (in OAkk. as a PN only, well attested in OB, including Mari: DIS̆ izbum tu-ra-ḫu-um 'if the anomaly is a t.' Izbu III 36; АRM 18 12.19: ḳarnāt tu-ra-ḫi-im 't.'s horns'; v. [Salonen Jagd 195, 265] for further references) and Syr. ta(ʔ)rāḥā (tārūḥā) 'capra caucasica' [Brock. 834], [PS 4499]. // Related with tV-prefix and a meaning shift? At the same time, the Akk. term comes very close to its Sum. lexical correspondence DÀRA (read as du-ra-aḫ in early LL). Note also that in [DLU 137] Ugr. drḫ is translated as 'cabra montés' and compared to the Akk. and Syr. terms above, but the only passage where it is found is too fragmentary to support such and interpretation (1.82.37: ...]lk drḫm ...). As for Arb. taʔruḫ- quoted without translation in [Brock. 834], it is not found in any available Arabic dictionary, European or national, and most probably does not exist. // [Fron. 30]: *ʔarḫ- 'giovenca' (Soq., Arb., Ugr., Akk.); [DRS 32]: Akk., Arb., Ugr., Tgr. (not in [LH]), Tna., Soq.; [DLU 49]: Ugr., Akk.; [LS 74]: Soq., Arb., Akk., Tgr. (not in [LH]), Tna.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔarVḫ-

Meaning: cow

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ʔarḫ-

Egyptian: ꜣḫ.t (gr) 'divine cow'

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: ꜣḫ.t (gr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'divine cow'

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : RVHV

Meaning : cow

Afroasiatic : *ʔarVḫ-

Sino-Caucasian : *rV̄xwV

Notes : Nostr. parallels in ND 76 *ʔerq[i] 'ruminant' are quite dubious: perhaps only Drav. *erd- 'bullock'??

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *rV̄xwV

Meaning: cattle

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *rV̄xwV (~-x_-)

Sino-Tibetan: *riǝ

Yenisseian: *tV(ʔ)χa (~-G-)

Basque: *ergi

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *rV̄xwV (~-x_-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cattle

Proto-Nakh: *dāχo-ni

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *rVxʷV

Proto-West Caucasian: *raxʷǝ

Notes: Correspondences are regular (although there are not enough data to make a precise reconstruction of vocalism).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *dāχo-ni

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cattle

Chechen: däχni

Ingush: dɔχan

Batsbi: daχnĕ

Comments: 3d class in all languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *rVxʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cattle, herd

Avar: rexé-d

Comments: Av. paradigm B or C (gen. roxdó-l). The word is widely borrowed in Andian languages: Akhv. rexeṭi, God. rexedi, Kar. rexeṭ/rexed etc.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *raxʷǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cattle

Abkhaz: á-raχʷ

Abaza: raχʷǝ

Comments: PAT *raxʷǝ (cf. also Bzyb. á-raxʷ).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *riǝ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a k. of ox

Chinese: 犛 *r_ǝ long-haired ox.

Tibetan: ãbri-mo female yak.

Comments: Coblin 162-163.

Chinese characters :

Character: 犛

Modern (Beijing) reading: lí

Preclassic Old Chinese: r(h)ǝ

Classic Old Chinese: r(h)ǝ

Western Han Chinese: r(h)ǝ

Eastern Han Chinese: r(h)ǝ

Early Postclassic Chinese: l(h)ɨ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: l(h)ɨ

Late Postclassic Chinese: l(h)ɨ

Middle Chinese: lɨ

English meaning : a long-haired ox, perhaps takin

Russian meaning[s]: 1) буйвол, тибетский як; 2) черный бык; 3) бунчук, см. 旄

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 93

Four-angle index: 2473

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *tVχa (~-G-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cow

Kottish: thigä, thiʔä, pl. thigän, thikŋ; Ass. tɨg (М., Сл., Кл.), tɨk (Кл.)

Arin: t́ugal (М., Сл., Кл.) "calf"; tügal (Лоск.) id.; t́ūja (М., Сл., Кл.) "cow"

Comments: ССЕ 293. Werner 2, 317 <*t^higǝ>.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *ergi

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 steer (young ox) 2 small steer

Gipuzkoan: ergi 1

High Navarrese: ergi 1

Low Navarrese: ergi 1

Salazarese: ergizko 2

Lapurdian: ergi 1

Zuberoan: érgi 1

Roncalese: ergi 1

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