West Chadic etymology : List with all references

Proto-WChadic: *kura-mi- 1, *kwr 2, *kVwir- 3

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hoe' 1, 'to reap' 2, 'sickle' 3

Hausa: kórámḗ 'long-handled hoe' (Stolbova 1996, 71; reconstructed as *qoram-)

Bolewa: kur 2

Tangale: korot 'the clearing of fields' (Jungraithmayr 1991, 102)

Pero: káwrò 'to glean' (Frajzyngier 1985, 35; cf. káarò 'to winnow, separate grain from the shell' Ibid. 34, kúrà 'to uproot' Ibid. 39); kwiri 3 (Kraft)

Burma: kòr 3 (Kraft)

Ngizim: kùrǝm 1 (Kraft)

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kwr (Ch., Cu.) ~ *ʔkr (Sem.) 1, *ʔa/ikkār- (Sem, Eg.) 2

Meaning: to cultivate 1, laborer 2

Semitic: *ʔkr 1, *ʔa/ikkār- 2

Egyptian: *ʔkr 'earth-god'

Western Chadic: *kura-mi- 'hoe', *kwr 'to reap', *kVwir- 'sickle'

Central Chadic: *kwr ~ *krw 'to hoe', *kawira(-mi)- 'hoe'

South Cushitic: *kur- 'to cultivate'

Notes: Likely related to *kiry- ~ *kVw/ʔVr- 'garden, cultivated field' (Akk., Ch. W., Eg.)

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1946

Proto-Semitic: *ʔkr 1, *ʔa/ikkār- 2

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: to cultivate 1, laborer 2

Akkadian: ikkaru, inkaru (Nuzi) 'plowman, farm laborer; farmer, small farmer; plow animal (Nuzi)' OAkk on (CAD i, 49; AHw, 368; acc. to both sources, from Sum engar, which is hardly so in view of the comparative data)

Hebrew: ʔikkār 'agricultural worker without land' (HAL, 47)

Syrian Aramaic: ʔakkārā 'agricola', ʔkr 'arravit, agrum coluit' (Brock., 20)

Mandaic Aramaic: AKR 'to plow, dig, cultivate' (DM, 18), ʕkara 'peasant, husbandman, tiller of soil' (Ibid. 349)

Arabic: ʔakr- 'action de creuser la terre, une fosse; action de laborer la terre', ʔakkār- 'qui creuse la terre, fossoyeur; laboureur' (BK 1, 42), ʔkr 'labourer (le sol), le creuser' (Belot 1929, 11)

Amharic: akkärä 'to renew the land by plowing and sowing' (LGur 593)

Gurage: Chaha t-akärä, Enn. Gyeto t-ākärä, End. t-ākkärä 'to build a house and cultivate the field around it for the first time' (LGur 593)

Notes: The Hbr. and Arm. forms and, probably, Arb. ʔakkār- may eventually be Akk. loanwords, in which case the Mnd. and Arb. verbs should be analyzed as an exeptional instance of an "artificial" reverse primary verb derivation from an agent noun *ʔi/akkār- derived, in its turn, from Sem. *ʔkr 'to cultivate, plough' preserved in Amh. and Gur.

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: ꜣkr

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'earth-god Aker' (determined with the ideogram "patch of land") Pyr. (EG I, 22)

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *kwr ~ *krw 1, *kawira(-mi)- 2

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'to hoe' 1, 'hoe' 2

Hwona: kūra 2 (Kraft)

Mofu-Gudur: kǝrw 1 (HSED, No. 26)

Fali Bwagira: ta-kurmi-n 2

Lame: kura 'to hoe, prepare field for sowing' (HSED, No. 26); kâruá 1 (Kraft)

Banana: kàwirà 1 (Kraft)

Notes: in Stolbova 1996, 71 reconstructed as *qoram-

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *kur-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'to cultivate'

Iraqw (Mbulu): kurumo 'hoe' (Ehret 1980, 247)

Alagwa (Wasi): kurumo 'hoe' (Ehret 1980, 247)

Asa-Aramanic: kurim- 'to cultivate' (Ehret 1980, 247)

Ma'a (Mbugu): -kúru 'to cultivate' (Ehret 1980, 247)