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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: */m/buka
Meaning: 'pound, beat' 1, 'knock' 2
Mupun: bàk 1 [FrM]
Pero: búkkà 2 [FrP]
Notes: both languages reflect initial *b- as p-, while b- originates from *mb-.
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-gwn,wchet-per,wchet-notes,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bak-
Meaning: squeeze, strike
Notes: ECh *ḅak- < *HV-bak- 'push' (Bid ḅak) may be related to this root. Note also Dhl ḅakk-eed- 'kindle (fire)' (<'strike'?)
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-brb,afaset-egy,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-sho,afaset-notes,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 496
Proto-Semitic: *buk-
Meaning: 1 'press, squeeze', 2 'tear'
Hebrew: b(w)k 1
Arabic: bkk [-u-] 1, 2
Notes: Secondary *-u- < *-a- after a labial
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-hbr,semet-ara,semet-notes,
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Berber etymology :
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Proto-Berber: *bVk-
Meaning: 'strike, pound'
Notes: Tua bakkat
brbet-prnum,brbet-meaning,brbet-notes,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: bk
Meaning: 'kill (with a sword)' (gr)
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *ba/uk-
Meaning: 'beat' 1, 'push' 2
Bura: buka 2 [Ann]
Mandara=Wandala: bak 1 [CLR: 15]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-bur,cchet-mnd,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *bwak-
Meaning: 'break off, push'
Dangla: bòke [Ebb]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-dng,
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Saho-Afar etymology :
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Proto-Saho-Afar: *bak-
Meaning: 'destroy'
Afar (Danakil): bak
shoet-prnum,shoet-meaning,shoet-afar,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVCV
Meaning : brother, sister
Notes : Cf. Ur. *ećV 'younger brother, younger sister'? globet-meaning,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-notes,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ɨ̆́ćĭ
Meaning: brother, sister
Comments and references : HGC 26, DCE 14, BCD 15. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=ɨ̆ć_ĭ
Meaning: brother, sister
Notes: One of the most stable and widely spread NC kinship terms with changing class prefixes. It is also preserved in HU, cf. Hurr. še-ni 'brother' (despite another etymology given in Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 43, the word most probably belongs here). Two basic original forms must be reconstructed as *u_-ɨ̆ć_ĭ(jV) 'brother' (with frequent further development > *ć_wɨ̆jV or *ć_wĭjV; exactly this form is reflected, e.g., in PL and PWC), and *j-ɨ̆ć_ĭ(jV) 'sister' (sometimes with a similar contraction > *ć_ĭjV). The arisal of the new feminine class prefix *r- in the Eastern area led to a new formation *r-ɨ̆ć_ĭ(jV) 'sister', reflected in Darg., Khin. and part of Lezghian languages.
See Trubetzkoy 1930, 278, Rogava 1956, Balkarov 1969, Shagirov 1, Abdokov 1983, 87. Despite Charaya 1912 and Yakovlev 1941, Kartvelian words for 'brother' (Megr. ǯima, Georg. ʒma) and 'son' (šwili) have nothing to do with PNC *=ɨ̆ć_ĭ.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *wašo, *jašo
Meaning: 1 brother 2 sister
Chechen: waša 1, jiša 2
Ingush: woša 1, jiša 2
Batsbi: waš 1, jaš 2
Comments: Not clear is the voicing in plural forms: Chech. wežarij, jižarij; Ing. wežarij, jižarij; Bacb. wažar, jažar < PN *w-aže-r(V), *j-aže-r(V).
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *woc:i, *joc:i
Meaning: 1 brother 2 sister
Avar: wac: 1, jac: 2
Chadakolob: wac 1, jac 2
Andian language: woc:i 1,joc:i 2
Akhvakh: wac:i 1,jac:i 2
Chamalal: wac 1, jac 2
Tindi: wac:i 1,jac:i 2
Karata: wac:i 1,jac:i 2
Botlikh: wac:i 1,jac:i 2
Bagvalal: was: 1, jas: 2
Godoberi: wac:i 1,jac:i 2
Comments: In Av. and Akhv. the forms with *b- are also attested: Av. bac:, Akhv. bac:i 'brother/sister (of an animal)'.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-btl,aandet-bgv,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *ʔɨs: A (/*ʔɨs:Vju)
Meaning: 1 brother 2 sister
Tsezi: esiju /esju 1,2
Ginukh: essu 1,2
Khvarshi: es 1,2
Inkhokvari: ɨs 1,2
Bezhta: is 1, isi 2
Gunzib: ɨs 1,2
Comments: PTsKh *ʔɨs / *ʔɨseju; PGB *ʔɨs / *ʔɨsi(j). In all modern Tsezian languages except Bezhta the stem denotes both 'brother' and 'sister' (the difference being only in agreement: 'brother' belongs to the 1st class, 'sister' - to the second). It is possible, however, that Bezht. preserves the old PTs opposition between *ʔɨs: 'brother' and *ʔɨs:Vju 'sister' (confused in all other languages). The oblique stem of the word is well reconstructable for PTs as *ʔɨs:-ṭi-: Inkh. ɨsṭi-, Bezht. isṭi-, Gunz. ɨsṭi-.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: us:u, s:u
Meaning: 1 brother 2 sister
Lak form: us:u 1, s:u 2
Comments: Cf. Khosr. us:ʷu 'brother', s:u 'sister'.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *ʔuc:i, *ruc:i
Meaning: 1 brother 2 sister
Akusha: uzi 1, ruzi 2
Chiragh: uc:e 1, ruc:e 2
Comments: Cf. also Ur. uʒi, ruʒi, Kub. uc:e, juc:e, Tsud. uc:i, ruc:i.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *čʷɨj, *čɨj /*rɨčɨj
Meaning: 1 brother 2 sister
Tabasaran: č̌i 1, či 2
Agul: ču 1, či 2
Rutul: šu 1, riši 2
Tsakhur: čo-ž 1, jučɨ 2
Kryz: ši-d 1,ši-dɨr 2
Budukh: ši-d 1,ši-dɨr 2
Archi: ušdu 1,došdur 2
Udi: wiči 1,χun-či 2
Comment: Cf. also Ag. Bursh. č̌uj, Fit. küj, Burk. ču 'brother', Tsakh. Tsakh. čoǯ 'brother', jiči 'sister', Arch. plur. oš-ob (both for 'brother' and 'sister'). The most archaic form for 'brother' is Ud. wiči < *u_-Včɨj ( = PA *woc:i, PN *wašo etc.). Other Lezghian languages normally reflect a contracted form *čʷɨj. The Shakhdagh and Archi forms reflect a suffixed form *čʷɨj-t:V-u_ (for Archi more suitable is possibly a protoform with a double 1st class marker: *u_-Včɨ-t:V-u_ > uš-du). It is interesting to note a specific reduplicated oblique stem in Tab. and Ag.: Tab. č̌ič:̌i-, Ag. čuč:u- (Fit. k:ük:ü, Burk. č:uč:u-), which is reflected also (already as direct) in Tsakh. čoǯ / čož. For 'sister' some Lezghian languages reflect a prefixed stem *r-ɨčɨj ( = PD *ruc:i, Khin. rɨcɨ), thus Rut. riši, Tsakh. jučɨ / jiči, Arch. doš-dur ( < *r-ɨčɨ-t:V-r, with a double class marker as in 'brother'). Most languages, however, reflect a prefixless stem *čɨj (or, with secondary adjectival suffixation, *čɨj-t:V-r, as Kryz., Bud. šidɨr). The Udi form χun-či is a compound with χun(i) 'female). Again, Tab. and Ag. have a reduplicated oblique base: Tab. čič:u-, Ag. čič:i-.
See Бокарев 1961, 70; Лексика 1971, 128, 133; Гигинейшвили 1977, 95.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: c:ɨ, rɨcɨ
North Caucasian etymology: 1760
Meaning: 1 brother 2 sister
Khinalug form: c:ɨ 1, rɨcɨ 2
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *č́ʷǝ (/*ǯ́ʷǝ)
Meaning: brother
Adyghe: šǝ
Kabardian: q:ʷa-š
Ubykh: ǯ́ǝ-ʎá
Comments: PAK *čǝ. Kab. q:ʷa-š < *q:ʷá-čǝ 'son+brother', cf. Ad. q:ʷaš 'own brother, brother having the same family name'. Reason for voicing *č́ʷ > *č́ > ǯ́ in the Ub. form is not quite clear (cf. perhaps the irregular voicing in plural in PN?). PAT *aš́a 'brother' should be kept separate and traced back (together with Ub. -ʎa) to another PWC root, *ʎ́a q.v.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ćǝ̆jH
Meaning: elder sister or brother
Tibetan: a-ćhe an elder sister of a female person.
Lushai: KC *tśei elder brother.
Comments: PG *cyo elder brother. Sh. 53; Coblin 164.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-lush,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 姊
Modern (Beijing) reading: zǐ
Preclassic Old Chinese: ćǝjʔ (~ -j)
Classic Old Chinese: cǝ́j
Western Han Chinese: cǝ́j
Eastern Han Chinese: cjǝ́j
Early Postclassic Chinese: cjíj
Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjíj
Late Postclassic Chinese: cjí
Middle Chinese: cjí
English meaning : elder sister; cousin (Schuessler)
Russian meaning[s]: старшая сестра, см. 姐
Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is ti`.
Radical: 38
Four-angle index: 4644
Karlgren code: 0554 b-c
Vietnamese reading: chị
Shijing occurrences: 39.2_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 528
Character: 姊
MC description : 止開三上旨精
ZIHUI: 1229 0409
Beijing: ci_ 2
Jinan: ci_ 2
Xi'an: ci_ 2
Taiyuan: ci_ 2
Hankou: ci_ 2
Chengdu: ci_ 2
Yangzhou: ci_ 2
Suzhou: ci 2
Wenzhou: cei 21
Changsha: ci_ 2
Shuangfeng: ci_ 2
Nanchang: ci_ 2
Meixian: ci 2
Guangzhou: či 21
Xiamen: ci 2
Chaozhou: ce 21
Fuzhou: ci 2
Shanghai: ci 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: ci_ 2
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *b[i]s
Meaning: brother, sister
Ket: biśɛʔp
Yug: bisɛʔp
Kottish: popēš 'brother', popēča 'sister'
Pumpokol: bič
Comments: ССЕ 210. Ket, Yug and Kottish reflect a compound with *beʔb 'son-in-law, husband of elder sister' (q.v.), cf. the plural Ket. biśn-imin, Yug. bisen-bɛfǝn 'brothers'. Werner 1, 133 <*bes>. The pure stem, besides Pump. bič, is attested in Ket (Werner 1, 135) ámdi bīś 'uncle, mother's brother'.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *-́c̣u
Meaning: brother, sister
Yasin: -́c̣u
Hunza: -́c̣o
Nagar: -́c̣o
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *an-his-ba
Meaning: sister (of a woman)
Bizkaian: aizta
Gipuzkoan: aizpa
High Navarrese: (Esteribar) aizpa, (Ondarrabia) aispa
Low Navarrese: ahizpa
Salazarese: ainzpa
Lapurdian: aizpa
Baztanese: aizpa
Aezkoan: aizpa
Zuberoan: ãhĩ́zpa
Roncalese: aĩzpa
Comments: For the segment *an- see *aṅai- / *ne-ba 'brother'; for the element *-ba see the separate record *-ba.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-bzt,basqet-azk,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *ʔʒVj
Meaning: sister, sibling
Proto-Austroasiatic: *cVj Austroasiatic meaning: sister
Munda parallels: Kar aʒi
Proto-Austronesian: *Suaji
Austronesian meaning: younger sibling
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-mun,austr-an,austr-anme,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *cVj
Meaning: sister
Khmer: ce:
References: VHL 38, S-48
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kat,aaet-bah,aaet-kmr,aaet-mon,aaet-bib,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *ca:j
Meaning: sibling
Presyllable: ʔǝ-
References: P-24; TK7.27
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-wkat,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,
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West Katuic etymology :
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Proto-West Katuic:
Meaning: sibling
Bru Van Keu: ʔǝca:j.N
Bru Van Keu meaning: sibling (Th)
wkatet-meaning,wkatet-prnum,wkatet-vkv,wkatet-vkvme,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *ca:j
Meaning: sibling
Presyllable: ʔǝ-
Pakoh: ʔǝca:j
Pakoh meaning: older sibling of the same sex
Lao Katu: ʔaca:j
Lao Katu meaning: friend
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-pak,ekatet-pakme,ekatet-lka,ekatet-lkame,
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Bahnar etymology :
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Proto-Bahnaric: *ja:j
Meaning: elder sibling
Proto-West Bahnaric: *ja:j banet-meaning,banet-prnum,banet-web,
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West Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-West- Bahnaric: *ja:j
Meaning: elder sibling
Jaru form: ja:j
Jaru meaning: elder sibling
Lavi: ja:j
Juk: ja:j
Nhaheung form: khi: ńi: ja:j
Nhaheung meaning: older siblings of spouse
References: JS-38, TB7.36a
webet-meaning,webet-prnum,webet-jr,webet-jrme,webet-lve,webet-jk,webet-nha,webet-nhame,webet-refer,
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Viet-Muong etymology :
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Proto-Viet-Muong: LO
Meaning: elder sister
Vietnamese: chị
Vietnamese meaning: elder sister
Nguon dialect (1): si.4
Nguon dialect (2): ci.4
Arem: ci:ʔ.B
Proto-Ruc: *ci.4
Ruc (Russian field rec.): ci:.4
Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): ci:.4
Ruc (Ferlus' rec.): ci:.4
Ruc meaning: elder sister
References: NTF43, NVL138
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-viet,vimet-vietme,vimet-ncl,vimet-nyt,vimet-arem,vimet-prru,vimet-rucr,vimet-rucl,vimet-rntf,vimet-rucme,vimet-bib,
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Monic etymology :
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Proto-Monic: *ci:ʔ
Meaning: sister
Presyllable: kǝm-
Old Mon: kuṃci
Nyakur: kǝmci:ʔ.L
Nyakur meaning: younger sibling
References: N154; S-48
monet-meaning,monet-prpr,monet-prnum,monet-om,monet-tc,monet-tcme,monet-bib,
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