Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *saurnV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pus

Bizkaian: zorna

Gipuzkoan: zorne, zorna

High Navarrese: zorna

Low Navarrese: zorne

Lapurdian: zorne, (arc) zaurne, zaurna

Comments: The archaic form zaurna was recorded by Silvain Pouvreau (17th cent.).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *swVré

Meaning: earth, sand

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *swüre

Sino-Tibetan: *srāj

Basque: *saur̄nV

Comments and references : HGC 21, VCQ 5.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *swüre

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dirt, soot, sand

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *sirV (~ c-)

Proto-Tsezian: *zar

Proto-Dargwa: *s:uri

Proto-Lezghian: *sära (~ s:-)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular (except that there are usual doubts about the extremely rare vowel *ü). Abdokov (1983, 102) compares PAK *-sa in *ḳaʁʷa-sa 'soot', but the element is rather obscure, and the phonetic side of the comparison is not convincing.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *sirV (~ c-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sand

Andian language: sur

Chamalal: sira (Gig.)

Godoberi: sira

Comments: The vowel -u- in And. is irregular (sur < *siru ?). Cf. also Cham. (U.-Gakv.) sera 'road-metal'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *zar

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 sand, road-metal 2 faeces

Tsezi: zar 1

Ginukh: zaru 1

Bezhta: saj 2

Gunzib: sar 2

Comments: PTsKh *zar(u), PGB *sar. Cf. also Bezht. Tl, Khosh. sar.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *s:uri

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: soot

Akusha: suri

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *sära (~ s:-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 soot 2 ashes

Tabasaran: sirin 1

Rutul: ser (Shin.) 1

Tsakhur: sera 2 (Tsakh.)

Comment: The Tab. form contains a frequent suffix -(i)n.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *srāj

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sand

Chinese: 沙 *srāj sand.

Tibetan: sa earth

Burmese: sajh sand, LB *[ś]ajx.

Lushai: Haka thet-se 'sand'

Kiranti: *se-krem

Comments: PG *sa; Trung a³-sa¹; Kanauri śo; Tani *sɨ-, Konyak *sVi, Naga *sV 'sand', Chepang saʔ 'earth', Sichuan *ṣV- 'sand'. Sh. 52, 123, 135; Mat. 182; Peiros-Starostin 218; Coblin 129.

Chinese characters :

Character: 沙

Modern (Beijing) reading: shā

Preclassic Old Chinese: srāj

Classic Old Chinese: srāj

Western Han Chinese: ṣāj

Eastern Han Chinese: ṣǟ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄

Middle Chinese: ṣạ

English meaning : sand

Russian meaning[s]: 1) песок; песчаный; пески, отмель; 2) крупинки; крупитчатый; 3) сиплый; охрипший; 4) просевать; отсеивать, очищать; 5) Ша (фамилия)

Comments: Also used for a homonymous *srāj 'satin (?)' (in inscriptions), later written as 紗 'muslin, a k. of cloth, thread, fibre'. Viet. has borrowed this word from two dialectal sources as Viet. sa and Viet. the. An older loan from the same source may be Viet. sọ'i 'filament, fibre, thread'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 85

Four-angle index: 4069

Karlgren code: 0016 a-c

Vietnamese reading: sa

Jianchuan Bai: so4-

Dali Bai: so4-

Bijiang Bai: śo4-

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 423

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 沙

MC description : 假開二平麻生

ZIHUI: 3097 0072

Beijing: ṣa 11

Jinan: ṣa 11

Xi'an: sa 11

Taiyuan: sa 1

Hankou: sa 11

Chengdu: sa 11

Yangzhou: sâ 11

Suzhou: so 11

Wenzhou: so 11

Changsha: sa 11

Shuangfeng: so 11

Nanchang: sa 11

Meixian: sa 11

Guangzhou: ša 11

Xiamen: sua 11; sa 11 (lit.)

Chaozhou: sua 11

Fuzhou: sa 11

Shanghai: so 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: ša 1

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *se-krem

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: sand

Tulung: sekre

Kaling: 'sekhle

Kulung: serɔm

Comments: Toba 95 *seklem.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: serɔm

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: sand

Nepali: bāluvā.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVRV

Meaning : dirt

Eurasiatic : *c`VrV

Afroasiatic : Sem. *sVhr- (?Ar. sāhir-at, Mhr syr); Eg. sr 'dirt'

Sino-Caucasian : *swVre

Austric : PAN *pat'iɣ (*pat'aɣ) 'sand'

Reference : ND 2125; Peiros 1989, 129.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *c`VrV

Meaning: dirt

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *k'er- (rather *(s)ḱer-)

Altaic: *si̯ắŕi

Uralic: *śarV~ (*ćarV) (cf. also *śuri )

Dravidian: *saṛap-

References: ND 318 *ć[ä]ŕV 'dirt, dung, defecate' (+ Mhr. syr); ND 2125 *śihaŕu 'dirt, earth' (same Ural. + Alt. + same Drav. + ?IE *sroup- + Arab., Eg.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *k'er-

Meaning: cacare, faeces

Avestan: sairya- 'Dünger, Mist'

Other Iranian: MPers. sargōn, Pers. sargīn id.

Slavic: *sьrātī, *ser(j)ǭ; *sorъ

Baltic: *čar̂-w-a- c., *čar̂-n-a-, -ia- c. (1)

References: Fraenkel 764

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *si̯ắŕi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: earth, sand; marsh

Russian meaning: земля, песок; болото

Turkic: *siaŕ

Mongolian: *siraɣu

Tungus-Manchu: *siru-

Korean: *hằrk

Japanese: *situ

Comments: KW 365, Poppe 30, 60, 114, VEWT 406 (without the Korean parallel), AKE 8, EAS 155, Miller 1985b, 205, АПиПЯЯ 291, Дыбо 11, Мудрак Дисс. 195, Лексика 93. Despite Poppe 1972, 100, Doerfer MT 65, the TM form is hardly borrowed from Mong. The Turk.-Mong. match is characterized by Doerfer (TMN 3, 222), in his usual style, as "lautlich und semantisch unsicher". In Kor. cf. perhaps also MKor. hɨ̀rì- 'dirty' ( < *hằri with vowel assimilation?).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *siaŕ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: marsh, dirt

Russian meaning: болото, грязь

Tatar: saz

Middle Turkic: saz (Houts.)

Uzbek: sɔz

Uighur: saz

Khakassian: sas

Oyrat: sas

Chuvash: šor(ъ)

Kirghiz: saz

Noghai: saz

Bashkir: haδ

Comments: It is not quite clear whether the Oghuz name for 'reed' (Tur. saz, Turkm., Gag. sāz, see Лексика 135, ЭСТЯ 7) and 'swamp' as 'reed growth' (Tur. sazlɨk, Turkm. sāzlɨq) belongs here, too, or else reflect a different root. In the former case one should prefer the reconstruction *siāŕ. See VEWT 406, TMN 3, 222, Лексика 93, ЭСТЯ 7, Федотов 2, 462. Bulg. > Hung. sár 'dirt', see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 3, 487-488.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *siro-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: earth

Russian meaning: земля

Written Mongolian: siraɣu, siruɣa(i), siroi (L 719)

Middle Mongolian: šira'u (HY 2), širo'ai (SH), širu (IM), širăw, šira- (MA)

Khalkha: šorō, šoroj

Buriat: šorōj

Kalmuck: šorǟ, šorā

Ordos: šorō

Dongxian: šǝura

Baoan: širo, śiru

Dagur: širō, širtal (Тод. Даг. 184), širetele (MD 217)

Shary-Yoghur: šǝrū

Monguor: śirū (SM 400)

Comments: KW 365, MGCD 722. Cf. also WMong. sirke, sirki, Kalm. širkǝ 'hard earth (with sand)' (KW 360).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *siru-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: sand

Russian meaning: песок

Evenki: sirugī

Negidal: sijun

Jurchen: sir-xe (67)

Ulcha: siru(n)

Nanai: siro(n)

Oroch: sija

Solon: š́iruktā̃

Comments: ТМС 2, 96.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *hằrk

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: earth

Russian meaning: земля

Modern Korean: hɨk [hɨlk]

Middle Korean: hằrk

Comments: Nam 480, KED 1894.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *situ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: damp place, dampness

Russian meaning: влажность, влажное место

Middle Japanese: situ

Tokyo: shitsu

Comments: The word is usually considered to be an on-reading of the Chinese character 濕 MC śip. The latter should normally have a reading MJ sifu, mod. shū (which exists), while situ/shitsu, attested in separate usage since Middle Japanese, appears quite irregular phonetically for a Chinese loan. We should rather think of a genuine *situ, misconceived as a Chinese loanword.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 951

Proto: *śarV~ (*ćarV)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: excrement, to defecate

German meaning: Dreck, Scheisse, Kot; scheissen

Mordovian: śerńe-, śärńi- (E), śärńe-, śeŕńe-, śarondo-, śäŕeńd́e- (M) 'scheißen'

Mari (Cheremis): šǝ̑r (KB), šur (U B) 'Scheiße, Dreck, Kot', šara- (KB), šora- (U B) 'scheißen, misten'

Khanty (Ostyak): śɔr (Ni. Kaz.) 'Kot (des Ren- od. Elentiers), (Kaz.) auch vom Menschen'

Hungarian: szar 'Dreck, Scheiße', szar- 'scheißen'

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *saẓap-

Meaning : cowdung

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *saṛp-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *saṛap-

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *saṛp-

Meaning : cowdung

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Naiki : sanap

Parji : carpi

Ollari Gadba : saṛpi

Salur Gadba : saḍpi

Additional forms : Also Salur saṛit (pl. sakkil) bullock

Number in DED : 2402

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *saṛap-

Meaning : cowdung

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *saṛap-i

Konda : ṛāpi

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *ṛāp-i

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *ṛāp-i

Notes : Bisyllabic root.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *saṛap-i

Meaning : cowdung

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : sarāpī

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : saṛápí

Gommu Gondi : saṛap, haṛap

Muria Gondi : haṛap

Maria Gondi : aṛapi

Seoni Gondi : haṛpi, aṛpi

Koya Gondi : aṛap

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : haṛap

Adilabad Gondi : saḍāpī (SR)

Number in DED : 2402

Number in CVOTGD : 3352

Konda etymology :

Konda : ṛāpi

Meaning: cowdung

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 2402

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *ṛāp-i

Meaning : cowdung

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : ṛāpi

Manda : ṛāpi

Number in DED : 2402

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *ṛāp-i

Meaning : cowdung

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : rāpi

Sunkarametta Kuwi : ṛāpi

Parja Kuwi : ṛāpi

Number in DED : 2402

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