Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *pista

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fresh rheum (eye secretion, 'sleep sand')

Bizkaian: pizta

Comments: Cf. PNC *pĭnc̣wĂ ‘resin, juice’ (Lak pic̣ 'sweat, dew', etc.). This is one of the rare Bsq *-st- correspondences to PNC tense *c̣. The original PSC sense was evidently ‘secretion’, whether of human body (‘rheum’ [Bsq], ‘sweat’ [Lak]), trees (‘resin, gum, pitch’ > ‘glue’ [PY]), or nature (‘dew’ [Lak, Burushaski] > ‘water’ [WC]), etc.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *pĭ́nsṭwĂ

Meaning: glue, resin

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *pĭnc̣_wĂ

Yenisseian: *piʔt

Burushaski: *phunc

Basque: *pista

Comments and references : NSC 61 *[p]insṭwV, MCGD 2.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *pĭnc̣_wĂ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: resin; juice

Proto-Nakh: *mutta (~-ṭṭ-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *pinc̣:i

Proto-Lak: pic̣

Proto-Dargwa: *penc̣

Proto-Lezghian: *pi(n)c̣

Proto-West Caucasian: *bzǝ

Notes: Av. pic̣: > Arch. pic̣ 'resin'. The EC-WC comparison see in Абдоков 1983, 185: it seems rather probable if we take into account the archaic meaning "juice" preserved in AT.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *mutta (~-ṭṭ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: juice

Chechen: mutta

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *pinc̣:i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: resin

Avar: pic̣:

Chadakolob: pic̣

Andian language: pirc̣:i

Akhvakh: mic̣:i

Chamalal: bis.

Tindi: mic:i

Karata: bic̣:i

Comments: Av. paradigm B or C (gen. pic̣:í-l). Voiced b- in Kar., Cham. is not quite clear (cf. also Kar. Tok. pic̣:i, Cham. Gig. mic̣:i).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: pic̣

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dew; perspiration

Lak form: pic̣

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *penc̣

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: resin

Akusha: penc̣

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *pi(n)c̣

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: resin

Agul: pic̣

Comment: Isolated in Ag. (Arch. pic̣, erg. pic̣:i < Av.), but having good external parallels.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *bzǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 water 2 juice

Abkhaz: a-ʒǝ́ 1,2

Abaza: ʒǝ 1,2

Adyghe: psǝ 1

Kabardian: psǝ 1

Ubykh: bzǝ 1

Comments: PAT *ʒǝ (cf. also Bz. a-ʒǝ́); PAK *psǝ; Ub. def. a-bzǝ́. Shagirov (2, 16) suggests that PAT *ʒǝ should be separated from the AK and Ub. forms and prefers to compare them with PAT *p(ǝ)sǝ '*water,*river' (reconstructed on hydronymic evidence). There exists indeed a PAT root *pǝsa 'to become wet, soak' (e.g. Abaz. psa-ra id., Abkh. (a-ʒǝ́) a-psá-la-ra, Bz. (a-ʒǝ́) a-psǝ́-la-ra 'throw into water') which could be compared with PAK *psǝ ( - but not with voiced bz- in Ub.!). Still it is very hard to separate the AA root *ʒǝ from Ubykh (with which it correlates even in what concerns accent), and the Ubykh one from AK. We think that in PAK there could have occurred a contamination of two original roots: *bzǝ 'water' and *pǝsǝ 'river; liquid' - this would be the best explanation of the whole situation.

    Abdokov (1983, 185) compares PAT *ʒǝ with PAK *p:c:a- in *p:c:a-n-tħá "glue" (Ad. pcāntħa, Kab. bʒāntħa). This would be fine in view of the EC data, but Shagirov (1, 81) is probably right in treating *p:c:a-n-tħá as "fish glue" (with *p:c:a "fish").

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *piʔt

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: glue

Ket: hiʔt

Yug: fiʔt

Kottish: fīt ōginaŋ "to glue"

Comments: ССЕ 249. Werner 1, 320 *p^hiʔt.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *phunc

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: dew

Yasin: phunc

Hunza: phunc

Nagar: phunc

Comments: Sh. phuc.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVNCV

Meaning : coniferous tree, resin

Eurasiatic : *pVnč`wV (?)

Sino-Caucasian : *pĭ́nsṭwĂ

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *pVnč`wV (?)

Meaning: coniferous tree

Borean: Borean

Uralic: *pečä ~ *penčä

Kartvelian: Georg. pič̣v- 'pine' (if not < NC)

References: ND 1661 *pe/ič̣u 'coniferous tree' (but IE *pitu- cannot belong here).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1494

Proto: *pečä ~ *penčä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: pine, conifer

German meaning: Kiefer, Föhre; Pinus sylvestris

Finnish: petäjä (dial. petäjäs) 'Föhre, Kiefer'

Estonian: pedajas (gen. pedaja), pedakas (gen. pedaka), pädajas (gen. pädaja), pädakas (gen. pädaka) 'sehr harzige, harte, nicht hochgewachsene Kiefer; Pinus sylvestris'

Saam (Lapp): bæcce -ǣʒ- (N) 'Pinus silvestris', piehtrsē, pǟhtsē (L) 'Kiefer, Föhre', piecce (T), pie_icc (Kld.), piehc (Not.) 'Kiefer, Fichtenrinde'

Mordovian: piče (E), pičä (M) 'Kiefer; Pinus sylvestris'

Mari (Cheremis): pǝnčǝ (KB) 'Kiefer', püńćö (U) 'Kiefer, Föhre'

Udmurt (Votyak): puži̮m, pužim (S), pužǝ̑m (K) 'Fichte, Tanne, Kiefer; Pinus sylvestris', pužị̑m (G) 'Fichte, Kiefer, Föhre'

Komi (Zyrian): pože̮m (S), požu^.m, poži̮^.m (P), po^.žøm (PO) 'Kiefer'

Sammalahti's version: *pečä

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