Basque etymology : List with all references

Notes: The etymology seems reliable, despite some assimilative/dissimilative processes and metatheses, usual in roots of this structure. The PN reflex *sṭ- is explained by the influence of *-j- (preserved in the WC form).

In some languages there is confusion between this root and the diminutive form of the PNC word for star, *ʒ_hwăr-ḳV (/*ʒ_hwăr-kV). The latter is certainly reflected in Ub. c̣ʷa(n)-ḳ́ and Lak. c̣uku (cf. plur. c̣ur-t:i). The Cham. (Gig.) form c̣aka 'star' reflects probably a merger of the two roots (opposed, e.g., in the closely related Tindi language: c̣akʷa 'spark' vs. c:aru 'star').

caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,

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Nakh etymology :

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Proto-Nakh: *stiḳe-l (~sṭ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sky

Chechen: stigal

Ingush: sigale

Comments: 4th class in both languages.

nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-comment,

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *c̣:ʷaka ( ~ o)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 brilliance 2 spark 3 star

Avar: c̣:ʷáki 1

Akhvakh: c̣:ʷaka 1

Chamalal: c̣aka 3 (Gig.)

Tindi: c̣akʷa 2

Comments: Cf. also Av. c̣:ʷák- 'to glitter' (c̣:ʷáki 'brilliance' is formally a verbal derivate). The Tind. form has an irregular c̣- (c:- would be expected) and metathesis of labialisation.

aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-comment,

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Tsezian etymology :

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Proto-Tsezian: *c̣ǝḳǝ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fire-brand

Gunzib: c̣ǝḳǝ-ṭma

Comments: A compound with an unclear second part. If our analysis is right, *c̣ǝḳǝ- can reflect (with assimilation) PEC *c̣wɨ̆jVkwŏ; this may be, however, a compound of *-ḳǝṭma (?) with *c̣ǝ- 'fire' - in which case the Gunz. word should be kept separate from the rest of EC forms.

cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,

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Dargwa etymology :

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Proto-Dargwa: *c:ak

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sky

Akusha: zak

Comments: Cf. also Ur. ʒak, Kharb., Muir. c:ak id.

darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-comment,

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Lezghian etymology :

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Proto-Lezghian: *c̣uḳ(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 fire-brand 2 spark

Lezghian: c̣uḳ 1

Kryz: c̣uḳ 2

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Kub. c̣uḳ 'fire-brand'.

lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-krz,lezget-comment,

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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

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Proto-West-Caucasian: *c̣V(jǝ)ḳʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 spark 2 fire-brand

Abkhaz: á-ḳʷic 1

Abaza: č̣ʷec 1

Adyghe: pχa-c̣āč̣́a 2

Kabardian: pχa-ʒāč̣a 2

Comments: A long (trisyllabic root) with usual in such cases metatheses and dissimilations. The PAT form can be reconstructed as *ḳʷajǝcǝ ( ~ -ć-: the Bzyb form is not attested), cf. also Abkh. á-ḳʷejcej-ra 'to glitter'; Abaz. č̣ʷec is an irregular transformation of *ḳʷajc > *ḳʷec. PAK has a compound *pχa- 'wood' + *c̣aḳá 'fire-brand'.

abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-comment,

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