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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *d-aɣó-
Meaning: flour
Yasin: daɣóm
Hunza: daɣóaŋ
Nagar: daɣóaŋ
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hé̆mχwV ( ~ -xk-)
Meaning: to grind, flour
Comments and references : BCD 36. In Bur. cf. perhaps also *-hor- `to grind' (?)
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *Hĕmχ_wV
Meaning: to grind
Notes: One of the cases of the non-trivial correspondence PEC *χw (with tense phonation) : PWC *Łʷ (cf. also *χ_Hwĕje 'dog'); note in both cases the existence of an oblique stem or derivates in -r-. See Абдоков 1983, 181-182. For PEC several nominal derivates can be reconstructed:
1) *r-Hĕmχ_wV 'mill, mill-stone' > Lak. nih, PL *reχ:Iʷa, Khin. zoχ.
2) *Hĕmχ_wV-rV, (with Ablaut and/or reduction) *Hĭmχ_wV-rV > *χ_HwVrV 'mill, mill-stone' > PN *ħēr, PA *χʷor-, PC *ʔaʁ:ʷǝr, Lak. hara-qalu.
3) *Hĭmχ_wV-rV > *χ_HwVrV 'meal, flour' > PN *ħāru, Av. χ:ara-b, PL *χ:Iur. This form probably differed from the second one in vocalism (cf. the opposition in PN), which is rather hard to reconstruct in this case.
4) *Hĭmχ_wV-wV̄ > *χ_HwVwV̄ 'mill, mill-stone' > Av. hobó, PA *ʔiχʷobu / *χʷobu, PC *ʁ:ʷǝbǝ, *ʁ:ʷǝbǝ-r, PL *χ:Iuw(a).
It is rather difficult to attribute the PD form *ʔurχ:ʷab / *ʔurχ:ʷam : the latter variant probably reflects (with metathesis) the second stem (PEC *Hĕmχ_wVrV 'mill'); the former variant may actually represent a contamination of the second and the fourth stems.
A NC source is probable for Osset. kʷɨroj / kurojnä 'mill' (the Indo-European etymology of it is hardly possible, see Abayev 1958, 612).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *ʔaħ-
Meaning: to grind
Chechen: aħ-
Ingush: aħ-
Batsbi: aħ-
Comments: A terminative verbal stem with no class markers. There are two archaic derivates: 1) PN *ħēr (obl. *ħāri-, sometimes passing to dir.) "mill": Chech. ħer (ħēra-) 'mill' (cf. also ka-ħar 'hand-mill', ħar-χō 'miller'); Ing. ħajra (erg. ħäro) 'mill' (cf. also kel-ħar 'hand-mill'); Bacb. ħajrĭ, ħajră 'mill'. 4th class in all languages.
2) PN *ħāru 'meal, flour': Ing. ħɔr, Bacb. ħajrŭ, ħajrĭ (3d class in Ing., 4th class in Bacb.).
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ʔiχʷVn-
Meaning: to grind
Avar: χ:ené-
Chadakolob: χen-
Andian language: ʔiχʷo-qi-
Tindi: χʷan-
Comments: The And. form reflects "stem I" (with a not quite clear suffix or lexical component -qi-); Av. and Tind. reflect "stem II" (note the correspondence Av. χ:(ʷ) : And. χ(ʷ) typical for reflexes of the EC *χ(w) in tense words). There are several archaic derivates: 1) PA *χʷobu (*ʔiχʷobu) 'mill': Av. hobó (habí-l, habá-l, Chad. hubí-l, habá-l); And. iχʷob; Akhv. χʷaba; Cham. χʷab (Gig. χobu); Tind. χʷabu; Kar. χabu (Anch. χʷaba, Tok. hobu); Botl. χʷabu; Bagv. hʷab (Tlis. χʷab); God. χʷabu. Note that Av. here reveals a h-reflex (old dialectal variation of χ: and *χ > h).
2) PA *χʷor- (oblique base in the archaic paradigm of *χʷobu): Akhv. Tlan. plur. χel-ar, Kar. Anch. plur. χʷar-e, Bagv. (obl. stem) hʷar-.
Also derived from this root is Av. χ:árab 'meal, flour' (it could be united with PA *χʷor-, but the meaning and external evidence show that these are two different derivates).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-tnd,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *ʔaʁ:ʷǝ-
Meaning: to grind
Bezhta: haʔa-
Gunzib: hɔ̄-d-
Comments: The verbal root as such is attested only in PGB (probably with a metathesis: *hɔʔɔ- < ʔɔhɔ- ). There are, however, better attested archaic nominal derivates: 1) PTs *ʁ:ʷǝ̃bu A, *ʁ:ʷǝ̃bǝr A : PTsKh *ʁǝ̃bu, *ʁǝ̃bǝR > Gin. ʁemer / ʁeme 'mill; wheel' (Lomtadze records also a variant ʁIemer), Khvarsh. ʁabo 'mill, millstone', ʁabal 'wheel', Inkh. ʁobol 'mill'; PGB *hɔbu, *hɔbǝr > Bezht. haboj 'mill' (Khosh. habo 'mill', habor 'blades of the mill-wheel', Tlad. habor 'mill; wheel'), Gunz. hɔbur 'mill'.
2) PTs *ʔaʁ:ʷǝ, *ʔaʁ:ʷǝr, reflected in Tsez. aʁur 'mill, millstone' (in dialects: Asakh. aʁʷir id., Kid. ʕaʁIu / aʁIu 'mill', ʕaʁIur 'mill-wheel, wheel').
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: ha=a-
Meaning: to grind
Lak form: ha=a-n
Comments: G. pr. ha=(u)nu. Cf. Khosr. ha-ja- (aor. ha-jun-di) id. The root is also preserved without vowel reduction in Anlaut: uI-χ:a- 'to eat with appetite' (*'to grind). These two verbal stems reflect the usual Lak. variation χ: / h (having probably a dialectal origin) and the old verbal Ablaut (in this case *Hĕmχ_wV- > uIχ:a-, *Hĭmχ_wV- > *χ_ʷV- > ha-). Lak. also reflects old nominal derivates: hara-qalu (Khosr. haraqalu) 'mill', nih (Khosr. nih) 'mill-stone, wheel'.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *ʔurχ:ʷab
Meaning: 1 mill-stone 2 mill
Akusha: urχam 1
Chiragh: urχ:ʷab 1,2
Comments: Cf. also Kait. urχ:aw, Kub. ūχ:ab 'mill', Tsud. urχ:ab 'mill-stone'. The Darg. dialects have preserved only a nominal derivate; the deriving verb ('to grind') was lost.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *reχ:Iʷa
Meaning: 1 mill 2 to grind
Lezghian: reʁʷ 1
Tabasaran: raʁI-in 1
Agul: raX̀ 1
Rutul: ruχI 1
Tsakhur: joχ:Ia 1
Kryz: räħä-ǯ 2
Budukh: s-orʕu 2
Archi: deχIʷ 1
Udi: b-erχ-sun 2
Comment: The nominal root *reχ:Iʷa (which is itself an archaic verbal derivate, see below) is present in all languages except Shakhdagh and Udi and belongs to the 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages. Cf. also Lezg. Khl. räχIʷ 'mill', Tab. Kand. raʁI / raʁIin, Düb. raʁIa, Ag. Fit. raχIʷ, Tp. raʕ id., Kryz. räħä-ǯ, Bud. raħa-ǯ 'meal, flour'; in Arch. the root contains -χI:ʷ-, cf. the conjunctional form deχI:u 'and the mill-stone' and the secondary derivate duχI:a-t 'mill'. The original verbal root is not preserved as such in PL; instead, a secondary denominal stem *reχ:Iʷa- was used. Besides the listed Kryz., Bud. and Ud. forms cf.: Lezg. reʁʷe-z, Tab. ra-ʁI-uz (Düb. ra-ʁI-us), Ag. ruX̀-as (Bursh. urX̀a-s), Rut. -u-ruχIʷa-s, Tsakh. gi-χ:Iʷar-es, Arch. de-χI:a-s (dur. derχI:u-r). The verb belongs to the weak verbal class. Lezghian languages preserve also two other archaic derivates from the same verbal root:
1) PL *χ:Iur / *χ:Iuj 'meal, flour': Lezg. ʁür (Khl. χür), Tab. χIu (Düb. χIuj), Ag. X̀ur (Fit. χIur, Tp. ʕur, Burk. raX̀u < *X̀aruj), Rut. χIur, Tsakh. χIu (χIujɨ-), Ud. χari. The word belongs to the 3d class in Rut. and Tsakh.
2) PL *χ:Iuw(a) 'mill': Kryz. ħuw, Bud. ħuw / ʕuw (4th class in Kryz., but 3d class in Bud.). See Бокаpев 1961, 68; Лексика 1971, 174-175, 205; Гигинейшвили 1977, 121; Магометов 1966, 342.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: zoχ
North Caucasian etymology: 1420
Meaning: mill, mill-stone
Khinalug form: zoχ
Comments: Pl. cχá-bɨr (with assimilation). The verbal stem cχu-w- 'to grind' is derived from the same root.
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,khinet-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *Łʷa-ga-
Meaning: to grind
Abkhaz: á-laga-ra
Abaza: laga-ra
Adyghe: ħāǯ́a-n
Kabardian: ħaža-n
Comments: PAT *laga-; PAK *ħaga- (intrans.; the transitive form is *ħagǝ- > Ad. ħāǯ́ǝ-n, Kab. ħažǝ-n). See Deeters 1931, 290; 1963, 39; Shagirov 2, 117.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-comment,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔuK- (~x-)
Meaning: flour
Kottish: uxei, uxēi
Comments: ССЕ 200. Werner 2, 373.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *eiho
Meaning: 1 to grind 2 mill
Araban: eo 1
Bizkaian: eio 1, (Arratia, Orozko) io 1, (Txorierri) igo 1, (Oñate) ixo 1
Gipuzkoan: eo 1, (Gabiria, Zegama) io 1, (Asteazu, Berastegi, Gaintza) igo 1
High Navarrese: eo 1, igara 2
Low Navarrese: eho 1, ihara 2, (Baigorri) eihara 2, (Isturitze) eiara 2
Salazarese: eo 1, eiara 2
Lapurdian: eho 1, eihera 2, (Ainhoa) ihara 2
Zuberoan: ého 1, eihéra 2
Roncalese: eio 1
Comments: The BZK variants eio, io can be realized as [ei(d)žo], [i(d)žo], [išo] in Oñate. Cf. PNC *Hĕmχ_wV 'to grind'. Bsq *eiho 'to beat, kill' is etymologically distinct.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-arb,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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