Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ć̣āŁwV̆́

Meaning: blood; red

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ć̣āŁwV

Sino-Tibetan: *căk (~ć-)

Yenisseian: *sur

Basque: *i=serdi

Comments and references : HGC 18. Secondary vowel shortening in PY (?).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ć̣āŁwV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: blood; life

Proto-Nakh: *c̣ēgi

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *č̣agV-

Proto-Lezghian: *č̣Vƛ:ʷV-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Although the root is not widely spread outside Nakh, it is no doubt archaic: cf. Hurr. zur-gi 'blood' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 44).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *c̣ēgi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: blood

Chechen: c̣ij

Ingush: c̣ij

Batsbi: c̣ejgĭ

Comments: 3d class in all languages. The same root is reflected in PN *c̣ēge-(n) "red" > Chech. c̣e-n, Ing. c̣e, Bacb. c̣egẽ.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *č̣agV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: alive

Avar: č̣ágo-b

Karata: č̣agu-s:

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *č̣Vƛ:ʷV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: alive; lively, animated

Tabasaran: č̣iwi

Comment: The root is attested only in Tab.; therefore theoretically a reconstruction of medial *-w- is also possible - although -ƛ:ʷ- is more probable in view of the external evidence.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *căk (~ć-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: red (metal), gold

Kachin: (?) ǯa² metal.

Lushai: raŋ-ka-čak gold (cf. rāŋ-va tin), KC *ka-tśak.

Comments: BG: Dimasa gă-dźao red; gold, Garo gittśak red; Rawang za silver; money; Idu *ši, Nocte achak 'red' Sh. 54; Ben. 46. Cf. perhaps Karen: Geker ḍʒaʔ.53 'black', Apatani ʒì, Naga *kǝcik, Magar cik 'black'.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *sur

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: red, blood

Ket: śūĺam¹ 'red', śūĺ 'blood'

Yug: surbɛ:hs⁴ (pl. -bɛsn⁵) 'red', sur 'blood'

Kottish: šurumaičei "to paint red", šur (pl. šūraŋ) 'blood', (Бол.) šur id.; Ass. šurama (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "red"

Arin: sur (Лоск.) "blood"; t́gura (Срсл.), t́ūra (М., Сл., Кл.) "red"; (Лоск.) tula "redly"

Pumpokol: túlsi (Сл., Кл.,), túlzi (Срсл.,) "red"

Comments: ССЕ 278. The Yenisseian words for "blood" and "red" are obviously derived from the same root. Therefore quite strange is the opposition sur "blood" : tura "red" in Arin (with a quite ireegular t- in the adjective Anlaut). The original *sura "red" in this language could have contaminated with some other root, most probably, *tu "raw" (q.v.); or else we are dealing with an old loanword from Pumpokol, where the reflex t- is regular. Werner 2, 219 <*suʎ>.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *i=serdi

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 sweat 2 sap

Bizkaian: izardi 1, (arc) izerdi 1

Gipuzkoan: izerdi 1

High Navarrese: izerdi 1, 2

Low Navarrese: izerdi 1, 2

Salazarese: izerdi 1, 2

Lapurdian: izerdi 1, (arc) 2

Baztanese: izerdi 1, 2

Zuberoan: izerdi 1

Roncalese: izerdi 1, 2

Comments: For the semantics of ‘sweat ~ blood’ cf. Icelandic sveiti ‘sweat; (poetic) blood’, Swedish (dial.) sveitt, šveitt, etc., 'blood (of a slaughtered animal), blood (from a sore)’, Old English swǣtan ‘to sweat, to bleed’, etc.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVLV

Meaning : flesh, blood

Eurasiatic : *SVĺV flesh, fat

Sino-Caucasian : *ć̣āŁwV̆́ blood

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *swVĺV

Meaning: flesh, fat

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *selp-

Altaic: *ši̯ằĺì

Uralic: *siwV-ĺV (+ *śilä 'Fleisch, Fett', *silV id.)

References: ND 2194a *ŝil̄V ~ *sil̄V 'fat' (Ur. + IE +Sem.); 2200 *ŝi[ĺ]wV 'shank, meat of a limb' (Ur. + Alt. + ?SH, Drav.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *selp-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: fat

Hittite: salpa- (salpi- c.) '(Hunde-)Kot' (Friedrich 180)

Tokharian: A ṣälyp, B ṣalype `Fett, Öl' (PT *ṣälype) (Adams 652)

Old Indian: sarpís- n., sarpi- n. `clarified butter', sr̥prá- `slippery, oily, smooth'

Old Greek: élpos = élaion, stéar, euthēnía Hsc., kypr. élphos, gen. -eos n. (Cypr.) = boútüron Hsch.; ólpǟ f. `Ölflasche', ólpis, -ios/-idos f. `Weinkanne; Ölflasche'

Germanic: *salb-ṓ(n-) f., *salb-ō- vb.

Albanian: ǵaĺpε Butter

Russ. meaning: жир

References: WP II 508

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *salbṓ(n), *salbōn-

Meaning: ointment

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: salbōn, *ga-salbōn wk. `anoint'

Old English: sealf (salf), -e; sealfe, -an (?) f. `salve, ointment', { sealfian }

English: salve

Old Frisian: salvia vb.

Old Saxon: salva `Salbe', salvōn `salben'

Middle Dutch: salve f.

Dutch: zalf f.

Middle Low German: salve

Old High German: salba f., salb n. (8.Jh.) `Salbe, Salböl'; salbōn `salben'

Middle High German: salbe wk. f., (/st. f.) 'salbe'; salp (-b-) st. n. 'ds.'

German: Salbe f; salben

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1680

Root: selp-

English meaning: fat n.

German meaning: `Fett (Butter, Schmalz)'

Material: Ai. sarpís- n. `Schmelzbutter, Schmalz', sr̥prá- `geölt, glatt, blank'; gr. ἔλπος (n.) ἔλαιον, στέαρ Hes. und (mit φ nach ἄλειφα : λίπος?) ἔλφος βούτυρον. Κύπριοι Hes., ὄλπη, ὄλπις, -ιδος f. `Ölflasche'; alb. gjalp `Butter'; ahd. salba, as. salƀa, ags. sealf `Salbe', got. ahd. salbōn, as. salƀōn, ags. sealfian `salben';

    toch. A ṣälyp, В ṣalype `Fett, Butter, Öl'.

References: WP. II 508.

Pages: 901

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ši̯ằĺì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: piece of meat, flesh

Russian meaning: мясо, кусок мяса

Mongolian: *silbi

Tungus-Manchu: *čilki ( ~ š-)

Korean: *sắrh

Japanese: *sìsì

Comments: Дыбо 311 (Mong.-Tung.); Martin 232, Miller 1986a, 49, АПиПЯЯ 95, 279 (differently). The root must be kept distinct from *si̯ŏlo q. v., but contaminations were possible.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *silbi

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: shin, shin muscles

Russian meaning: голень, мускулы у голени

Written Mongolian: silbi (L 705)

Middle Mongolian: šilibi (HY 48), šilbi, šili (MA 178, 333)

Khalkha: šilbe

Buriat: šelbe

Kalmuck: šilwǝ

Ordos: šilbi (šilbe)

Dagur: šilem (Тод. Даг. 183)

Comments: KW 357.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *čilki ( ~ š-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 muscle, biceps 2 front leg of a bear

Russian meaning: 1 мышца, бицепс 2 передняя нога медведя

Evenki: čilkī 1

Even: čịlqa 1

Negidal: čịlkị̄ 2

Comments: ТМС 2, 394. Evk. > Dolg. čɨlkɨ (see Stachowski 76). {Evk. čilbika 'ножное сухожилие' may be here and not < Mong.}

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *sắrh

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: flesh, meat; skin

Russian meaning: мясо; кожа

Modern Korean: sal

Middle Korean: sắr [sắrh-]

Comments: Nam 290, KED 895.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *sìsì

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: meat

Russian meaning: мясо

Old Japanese: sisi

Middle Japanese: sìsì

Nase: šìší

Shuri: šíší

Yonakuni: čìčì

Comments: JLTT 527.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1583

Proto: *siwV-ĺV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: flesh, meat

German meaning: Fleisch

Mordovian: siveĺ (E), siveĺ, śiveĺ (M) 'Fleisch'

Mari (Cheremis): šǝl (KB), šǝ̑l (U), šiĺ (M), šǝ̑l (B)

Udmurt (Votyak): si̮ĺ (S), siĺ (G)

Komi (Zyrian): ni̮r siĺan (VO VU) 'носовой хрящ или мякоть (напр. у лошади)' ?

Sammalahti's version: *silV

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