Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=V́ƛV

Meaning: to pierce

North Caucasian: *=Vƛ_V

Sino-Tibetan: *lĕŋ ( ~ ƛ-)

Burushaski: *-l-

Comments and references : In ST cf. also *lon ( ~ ƛ-,-u-) `to bore, pierce' and *ƛen `to pierce' (different suffixed formations?).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=Vƛ_V

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to pierce, punch, beat

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=oƛ:- ( ~ -a-)

Proto-Tsezian: *=iʎ(:)- (~ɨ,L,L:)

Proto-Lak: š:ina

Proto-Dargwa: *rurk:ani

Proto-Lezghian: *(Ho)roƛi-l(a)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Several languages have preserved only the archaic nominal derivate *ƛ_i-nV̄ (with prefixation: *HVrV-ƛ_inV̄ / *HVrV-ƛ_iɫV̄ 'chisel, instrument for piercing or sharpening/whetting'.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=oƛ:- ( ~ -a-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to punch a hole, to bore 2 sharpen, set (knife)

Avar: =orƛ:- 1

Tindi: aƛ:- 2

Comments: An old derivate is Av. ƛ:iní 'chisel' ( > Lak. x:ini id.).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=iʎ(:)- (~ɨ,L,L:)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to beat

Tsezi: =eʎ-

Comments: Attested only in Tsez. (therefore there are so many variants of reconstruction), but having possible external parallels.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: š:ina

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hatchet, chisel

Lak form: š:ina

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *rurk:ani

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gimlet

Akusha: rurgani

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *(Ho)roƛi-l(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 chisel 2 gimlet

Tabasaran: rašil 1

Agul: hurukul 2

Rutul: rɨxɨl 1 (Khniukh.)

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lĕŋ ( ~ ƛ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pierce, penetrate

Burmese: khjaŋh to pierce.

Kachin: (H) leŋ be projecting or protuberant ; khraŋ³ to penetrate, go through.

Lushai: leŋ (len) to penetrate, enter.

Comments: Sh. 44.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *-l-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: to stick into

Yasin: -́l-

Hunza: -́l-

Nagar: -́l-

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