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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *niHV (?*niŋHV)
Meaning: hair, beard
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: [*niǝ]
Meaning: hair
Comments: BG: Garo khǝni, Dimasa khanai hair of head; Rawang ǝni, tǝni id.; Trung năi1; Rgyarung -rni id. Sh. 404; Ben. 65.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 而
Modern (Beijing) reading: ér
Preclassic Old Chinese: nǝ
Classic Old Chinese: nǝ
Western Han Chinese: nǝ
Eastern Han Chinese: ńǝ
Early Postclassic Chinese: ńɨ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńɨ
Late Postclassic Chinese: ńɨ
Middle Chinese: ńɨ
English meaning : particle by verbalizing, as, and yet, and
Russian meaning[s]: 1) а; да; и; но (союз, связывающий сказуемые или целые предложения); 2) служебное слово в вэньяне, ставится перед сказуемым а) чтобы показать, что субъект сказуемого не тот же, что в предыдущем словосочетании (рекомендуется перевод при помощи местоимения второго лица); б) чтобы отделить основное сказуемое предложения от предыдущего обстоятельственного построения часто служебного типа; в отрицательных предложениях отрицание предшествует обстоятельственной конструкции и при переводе подлежит переносу к сказуемому; 3) в обстоятельствах места и времени заменяет 以; 4) оформляет наречия, вм. 然; 5) на конце предложения вм. 而以; 6) древн. твой, ты; 7) если, вм. 如
Comments: For *n- cf. Min forms: Xiamen ʒi2, Chaozhou zɨ2, Fuzhou i2. The original meaning of the character is 'moustache, whiskers' (attested since Late Zhou); in some early texts (Shujing) also used for the second person pronoun *nhǝ 'thou' (see 爾, 乃).
Radical: 126
Four-angle index: 3668
Shijing occurrences: 23.3, 26.5, 41.1, 41.2, 41.3, 42.1, 47.2, 52.1, 52.2, 52.3, 54.2, 58.4
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 294
Character: 而
MC description : 止開三平之日
ZIHUI: 5079 0525
Beijing: ǝ̂ 12
Jinan: ǝ̂ 3
Xi'an: ǝ̂ 11
Taiyuan: ǝ̂ 1
Hankou: ɨ 12
Chengdu: ǝ̂ 12
Yangzhou: â 12
Suzhou: l 12
Wenzhou: zi_ 12
Changsha: ô 12
Shuangfeng: ie 12
Nanchang: з̂ 31
Meixian: i 12
Guangzhou: ji 12
Xiamen: ʒi 12
Chaozhou: zi_ 12
Fuzhou: i 12
Shanghai: ɦǝ̂ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: ži_ 12
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *ŋi
Meaning: beard
Yasin: -ní
Hunza: -ŋí, -ní
Nagar: -ŋé
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : NVNV
Meaning : hair
Sino-Caucasian : *niHV (?*niŋHV)
Reference : МССНЯ 354, ОСНЯ 2, 87-88. Cf. Ainu numa 'hair'. globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-scc,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]
Meaning: hair
Comments: Cf. *nVwrV.
References: МССНЯ 354, ОСНЯ 2, 87-88; ND 1554 *ǹiŋu 'hair (of animals)' (Alt.-Ur. + SDr. *niṇ- 'string, wick'); 1630 *ńäwGa 'hair, down' (Ur. + Drav. + Jibb.?). Perhaps indeed two roots (if Ural. has two). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *nŭ́ŋu
Meaning: wool, down
Russian meaning: шерсть, пух
Comments: EAS 119-120, KW 279, Poppe 73, ТМС 1, 611, АПиПЯЯ 285, Дыбо 9, Лексика 146. Borrowing in Mong. from Turk. is impossible, despite Щербак 1997, 125. The Turk.-Mong. match is quite regular, despite TMN 4, 228. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *juŋ
Meaning: 1 wool 2 small feathers, down 3 feather 4 faded fur
Russian meaning: 1 шерсть 2 пух 3 перо 4 линька
Old Turkic: juŋ 1 (OUygh.)
Karakhanid: juŋ 1 (KB), 2, 3 (MK) Turkish: jün 1
Tatar: jon 3
Uzbek: juŋ 1
Uighur: juŋ, ǯuŋ 1
Sary-Yughur: juŋ, jüŋ, jun 3
Azerbaidzhan: jun 1
Turkmen: jüŋ 1
Khakassian: nüŋ 2
Shor: čum 2
Oyrat: jüŋ, jum, jɨm, d́uŋ 1
Halaj: juŋ 1
Chuvash: śъʷm 1
Yakut: suŋ 4
Tuva: čüŋ 1
Kirghiz: ǯün 1,2,3
Kazakh: žün 1
Noghai: jün 1
Bashkir: jön 3
Gagauz: jün 1
Karaim: jün, jun 1
Karakalpak: žün 1
Salar: juŋ 1
Kumyk: jün 1
Comments: VEWT 211, EDT 941, ЭСТЯ 4, 267-268, Лексика 146. This root should not be confused with *jüg 'feather' (v. sub *d[é]gi). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *nowur-
Meaning: 1 wool 2 down
Russian meaning: 1 шерсть 2 пух
Written Mongolian: noɣasu, noŋɣasu, nousu 1 (L 589: noɣusu(n)); noɣulur 2 (L 588: noɣulur, noulur, noluur) Middle Mongolian: nuŋqasu (SH) 1, unqasun 1 (МА) Khalkha: nōs 1; nōrs, nōlūr 2
Buriat: nōho(n) 1; nōlūr 2
Kalmuck: nōsṇ 1; nȫlǖr 2
Ordos: nōs 1, nōlūr, nūlūr 2
Dongxian: noGosun 1
Baoan: noGosuŋ, noχsoŋ 1
Shary-Yoghur: ŋGuasǝn, Guasǝn 1
Monguor: nGuasǝ 1
Comments: KW 279, 280, MGCD 509. Mong. noɣulur > Evk. lolur (see ТМС 1, 503). monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *nuŋari
Meaning: wool, down
Russian meaning: шерсть, пух
Spoken Manchu: nuŋan (144, 2283)
Literary Manchu: nuŋGari
Comments: ТМС 1, 611 (cf. also Man. nuŋGasun 'thin woollen cloth' - possibly < Mong.). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *núnuá
Meaning: fabric, cloth
Russian meaning: ткань, полотно
Old Japanese: nun(w)o, (East. dial.) ninwo
Middle Japanese: núnó
Tokyo: nùno
Kyoto: nùnó
Kagoshima: núno
Comments: JLTT 502. The Kyoto accent is irregular. japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 606
Proto: *niwa (*niŋa)
English meaning: to depilate
German meaning: enthaaren
Finnish: nivo- 'enthaaren, das Fell von Haaren reinigen, Haare verlieren'
Saam (Lapp): nâvve- -v- (N) 'pick off, pluck out (esp. hair)', navvē- (L) '(ein Fell) enthaaren, "pälen"', naivvede- (T) 'das Fell von Haaren befreien'
Mordovian: ńeveĺe- (E) 'sich schuppen, sich abschälen (Haut), brühen', ńeveĺd́a- 'rupfen', nevila- (M) 'sich abnutzen', nevilda- 'abnutzen'
Khanty (Ostyak): ṇɔw- (Kaz.), naw- (O) 'enthaaren' ?
Mansi (Vogul): näɣt- (P), noɣt- (So.) 'das Leder, Fell schaben' ?
Nenets (Yurak): ńewā- (P) 'durch Tragen abgenutzt werden', ? niŋkā- (O) 'rupfen'
Selkup: ni̮ŋki̮l- (Ta.) '(die Feder) rupfen; mähen'
Kamass: ni̮ŋgǝ- 'reißen; scharren', noʔn 'Gras ausreißen' (noʔ 'Gras')
Sammalahti's version: FU *niwa-
Addenda: Karj. nivo 'Stelle, wo die Haare abgenutzt sind'; Koib. нынгылямъ; Mot. нингипсень 'гребень'; Ne \n'ewa- in andere Sam, in Sk - ?
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-saa,uralet-mrd,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-nen,uralet-slk,uralet-kam,uralet-samm2,uralet-add,
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