Sino-Caucasian etymology : List with all references

Proto-North Caucasian: *ħVmć̣V

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fear, fright; unpleasant emotion

Proto-Nakh: *[f]utter-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *hanč̣- ( ~ ħ-, -o-)

Proto-Tsezian: *hĩč̣- ( ~ ħ-)

Proto-Lak: ħuč̣

Proto-Lezghian: *ƛ̣:i-mč̣

Proto-West Caucasian: *ṗǝ̃ćV

Notes: The WC form contains a frequent labial prefix (with glottalisation probably due to the lost laryngeal: *ṗǝ̃ćV < *b-ʔǝ̃ćV). Phonetically and semantically the EC-WC comparison seems quite probable (cf. the meaning 'lie' in Kar., parallelling the semantic development in PWC).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *[f]utter-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: vexation, annoyance

Chechen: hüttarē

Ingush: futtare

Comments: External evidence suggests rather *h- for PN; in Chech. *h- and *f- have merged into h-, but in Ingush we would rather expect *wuttare from *huttir-. The distinction of *h- and *f- before labialised vowels, however, is not very regularly kept, and PN *h- in this root is not entirely excluded.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *hanč̣- ( ~ ħ-, -o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lie

Karata: hanč̣o-b

Comments: Attested only in Kar., but having probable external parallels.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *hĩč̣- ( ~ ħ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to fear, be afraid

Bezhta: hĩč̣- (Tlad.)

Gunzib: hĩč̣-

Comments: PGB *hĩč̣- (cf. also Khosh. hič̣- / hic̣-). There exists also a nominal stem: PGB *hĩč̣u > Bezht. Tlad. hĩč̣ö, Khosh. hic̣o 'fright', Gunz. hĩč̣u 'scarecrow'.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ħuč̣

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fright

Lak form: ħuč̣

Comments: Cf. Khosr. huIč̣ id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ƛ̣:i-mč̣

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 fright 2 to fear, be scared

Lezghian: kič̣ 1

Tabasaran: guč̣ 1

Agul: guč̣ 1

Rutul: gič̣e- 2

Tsakhur: gič̣ 1 (Mishl.)

Kryz: kič̣ 1

Budukh: kič̣ 1

Archi: ƛ̣:inč̣a- 2

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. gič̣i 'fright'. Despite its functioning as a verb in Rut. and Arch. (with a defective paradigm: only dur. ƛ̣:inč̣a-r), the stem is obviously nominal (even in Archi there are compounds like ƛ̣:inč̣as: eχmus 'to be afraid' - with a dative case of *ƛ̣:inč̣ 'fright'). Medial *-m- must be reconstructed on the evidence of Archi -n- (original *-n- can not be reconstructed because it would have been preserved in other languages, while *-m- regularly disappears in this position). Initial *ƛ̣:- gives regular reflexes everywhere except Lezg., Tab. and Ag., where dissimilations occurred before the following glottalized affricate. The oblique base is not quite clear (but probably *ƛ̣:imč̣a- on the basis of the archaic Archi ƛ̣:inč̣a- in ƛ̣:inč̣a-s:). The word belongs to the 4th class in Tsakhur.

Historically *ƛ̣:imč̣ is a compound of *ƛ̣:ij 'fright' (q.v.) with *Himč̣ (cf. the external evidence), not preserved separately.

See Trubetzkoy 1922, 241. Лексика 1971, 239; Гигинейшвили 1977, 111; Талибов 1980, 286.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ṗǝ̃ćV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lie

Abkhaz: á-mc

Abaza: mcǝ

Adyghe: ṗc̣ǝ

Kabardian: ṗc̣ǝ

Ubykh: mǝćá

Comments: PAT *mǝćǝ (cf. also Bzyb. á-mć); PAK *ṗc̣ǝ. See Shagirov II, 51 (with literature).

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *isu

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 fright, terror 2 untamed, shy, rude, unsociable

Bizkaian: izu 1, (Markina) uzu 2

Gipuzkoan: izu 1, 2

High Navarrese: izi 1

Salazarese: izi 1

Lapurdian: izi 1

Zuberoan: izi 1

Roncalese: izi 1

Comments: Cf. PNC *ħVmć̣V 'fear, fright'.