Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Ł_wĕrV

Meaning: sad; stern

North Caucasian: *Ł_wĕrV

Basque: *lar̄i

Comments and references : BCD 21.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *Ł_wĕrV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hard; severe, stern

Proto-Nakh: *luri-n

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ƛ̣:ʷarV- ( ~ -o-)

Proto-Tsezian: *=ɨƛwV(-ru)

Proto-Dargwa: *-irk:(ʷ)V-l-

Proto-West Caucasian: *pVŁ́V

Notes: The EC-WC comparison seems rather probable (note also the recurrence of meanings 'hard' and 'severe, proud' in both subgroups of NC). The protoform can be reconstructed as *Ł_wĕrV (without class prefixation) or as *=iŁ_wĕrV (in the latter case the PTs and PD forms must be considered as most archaic). The initial labial in PWC (which has caused the usual dissimilative delabialisation of the following consonant) also can be regarded as a former prefixed class marker.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *luri-n

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: severe, dangerous

Chechen: lüra

Ingush: lira

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ƛ̣:ʷarV- ( ~ -o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hard, firm; severe, cruel 2 quick, swift

Avar: ƛ̣:ʷára-ra-b 1

Chamalal: ƛ̣:ʷari-dda 2

Comments: Both forms are morphologically deverbal: cf. Av. ƛ̣:ʷar- 'to harden, become severe' (in Cham. the verbal stem is not attested).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=ɨƛʷV(-ru)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hard 2 quick, swift

Tsezi: =aIƛo-w 1,2

Ginukh: =oƛoju 1,2

Khvarshi: =ejƛu 1,2

Inkhokvari: =ɨƛƛu 1

Bezhta: =iƛaro (Tlad.)

Gunzib: =ɨƛeru (Gunz.) 1

Comments: PTsKh *=ɨƛʷV-ju; PGB *=ɨƛVru. In PTsKh *-ru (analysed as a frequent adjectival suffix) was superseded by a functionally analogous morpheme, *-ju - but external data are in favour of considering *-ru here as belonging to the root. Bokarev lists in Gunzib r-iƛeru 'cruel' which is obviously the same word as the MSU recording =ɨƛeru 'hard'.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *-irk:(ʷ)V-l-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dangerous, harmful

Akusha: d-irgal-si

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *pVŁ́V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hard, firm 2 stingy, miserly 3 proud, arrogant

Abkhaz: a-baʁ́á 1

Abaza: baʁ́a 1,2

Adyghe: pāɣa 3

Kabardian: pāɣa 3

Ubykh: ʁabǝ́ 1

Comments: PAT *baɣ́a; PAK *paɣá; in Ub. - a metathesis (ʁabǝ́ < *baʁǝ́). Semantically and phonetically the forms are very close, and the correspondence PAT *ɣ́ : PāK *ɣ : Ub. ʁ points to the PWC palatalised lateral *Ł́. Therefore Shagirov's explanation of the Adygh form as *pa 'nose' + *bɣǝ 'mountain' is hardly acceptable (although an analogy with *pa 'nose' is possible).

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *lar̄i

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 sadness, anguish 2 anxiety, worry, worried 3 apprehensive 4 intimidation, fear

Bizkaian: larri 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: larri 2

Low Navarrese: larderia 4

Lapurdian: larri 2, larderia 4

Zuberoan: larde 3, larderia 4

Comments: Cf. PNC *Ł_wĕrV 'hard, severe, stern'. Alternatively cf. PEC *=V̄rƛ̣V(r) ‘to be afraid’ (NCED 1031) and Bsq *bi=ldur̄ ‘fear, fright’ (q.v.).

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