Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *šV́mV

Meaning: back, neck

North Caucasian: *š_VmV / *mVš_V

Basque: *śama

Comments and references : Etymological comparison suggested by John Bengtson.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *š_VmV / *mVš_V

Meaning: edge, spine

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *š:VmV-lV

Proto-Lezghian: *muš:-ur

Notes: An Av.-Lezg. isogloss. The comparison is possible, but not very reliable (because of the sparsity of reflexes, and a metathesis in one of the subgroups).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *š:VmV-lV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: edge, end

Avar: š:oméli

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *muš:-ur

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: spine, backbone

Archi: muš:ur

Comment: Attested only in Archi, with a possible Avar parallel.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *śama

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: neck, throat

Bizkaian: sama

Gipuzkoan: (sama)

Comments: Cf. PEC *š_VmV / *mVš_V 'edge, spine'. This word also occurs in compounds: sama-ko min ‘angina’, sama-ste ‘gullet’ (‘beginning of the neck’), sama-zulo ‘gullet’ (‘neck hole’), etc. Azkue denotes this word as BZK, but also remarks that the Gipuzkoan writer Joan Antonio Mogel (Moguel, 18th c.) used it.

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