Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ṗɦV́lc̣wV

Meaning: mud, marsh

North Caucasian: *ṗɦĭlc̣_wǝ̆

Basque: *balśa

Comments and references : Etymological comparison suggested by John Bengtson.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ṗɦĭlc̣_wǝ̆

Meaning: dirt, mud

Proto-Nakh: *pħač̣ (~-ǯ)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *(ħi)bic̣:V

Proto-Lak: ṗaIlc̣u

Proto-Dargwa: *ṗaI(l)c̣a

Proto-Lezghian: *ṗi(l)c:(a)

Proto-West Caucasian: *ṗǝ̃c̣a (~ p-,b-)

Notes: The root is widely represented and, inspite of its expressive nature, behaves strictly according to phonetic correspondences. In PWC nasalisation is a remnant of the original Inlaut resonant; labialisation of the second consonant is lost, as very often, in dissimilation to the preceding labial consonant. It is interesting to note the exceptional preservation of the laryngeal in some Av.-And. languages, perhaps pointing to a PEC variant with a rare structure *ɦṗĭlc̣_wǝ̆.

    A loan from Lak. or Darg. (with expressive irregularities) is Tsakh. Gelm. ṗaIlč̣ 'eye secretion'.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *pħač̣ (~-ǯ)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: horse's dung

Chechen: pħaž

Ingush: pħaž

Comments: Obl. base *pħač̣u- (Chech. pħoža-; Ing. with vowel levelling pħažo). 6th class in Chech., 5th class in Ing.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *(ħi)bic̣:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 ear-wax 2 eye secretion 3 dirt

Avar: ħebéc̣: 1

Akhvakh: ħebec̣:o 2

Chamalal: biṣa 3

Tindi: bec:u-ra 2

Comments: Av. paradigm B or C (gen. ħebc̣:í-l).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ṗaIlc̣u

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: eye secretion

Lak form: ṗaIlc̣u

Comments: Cf. Khosr. ṗaIlc̣a id.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ṗaI(l)c̣a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 faeces 2 eye secretion

Akusha: ṗaIc̣a 1 (Ur.)

Chiragh: ṗaIlc̣-ne 2

Comments: Cf. also Tsud. ṗaIc̣a "ordure (of small animals)".

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ṗi(l)c:(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: swamp, marsh

Udi: p:iz / piz

Comment: Isolated in Ud., but having probable external parallels.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ṗǝ̃c̣a (~ p-,b-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 swamp 2 mud, silt

Kabardian: psǝ-ṗc̣a 1

Ubykh: zʷǝ-mc̣á 2

Comments: Both in Kab. and Ub. we have compounds, probably with PWC *bzǝ 'water' (with an irregular reflex in Ub. because of the word's expressive nature).

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *balśa

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 pool, pond 2 pools between rocks, formed by melting snow 3 softened snow 4 marshy land 5 mire, mud 6 clot of blood

Bizkaian: baltsa 2, 3, basa 5

Gipuzkoan: baltsa 2, 3

High Navarrese: balsa 1

Low Navarrese: baltsa 3, balsa 6

Salazarese: balsa 6

Lapurdian: baltsa 3, 5, (Ainhoa) basa 5

Baztanese: baltsa 3

Zuberoan: baltsa 3, balxa 4

Roncalese: balsa 6

Comments: Cf. PNC *ṗɦĭlc̣_wǝ̆ 'dirt, mud' ('swamp' in Udi and Kabardian).

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