Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hä̆́lc̣wV

Meaning: stake, peg

North Caucasian: *jä̆lc̣_wV

Basque: *ulce

Comments and references : Etymological comparison suggested by John Bengtson.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *jä̆lc̣_wV

Meaning: stick, branch; wedge, stake

Proto-Nakh: *jic̣ ( ~ -ʒ)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ric̣:ʷV

Proto-Tsezian: *hũc̣V (~ ħ-)

Proto-Lezghian: *jac̣

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular (although n- in Av. is not quite clear; we would rather expect r-, as in Andian languages). Labialisation of *c̣w in word-final position was early lost in PN and PL, but has left clear traces in Av.-And.-Tsez.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *jic̣ ( ~ -ʒ)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pestle, stamper

Chechen: jiz

Comments: Obl. base jiza-. Attested only in Chech., but having probable external parallels.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ric̣:ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: twig

Avar: noc̣:

Chadakolob: nuc̣

Akhvakh: ruc̣:e / rec̣:a

Chamalal: wuṣ

Tindi: ruc:a

Comments: Av. paradigm A (gen. nóc̣:i-l), but Chad. C (nuc̣í-l, núc̣a-l). Cf. also Cham. Gig. wuc̣:.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *hũc̣V (~ ħ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wedge, stake

Bezhta: hũc̣u

Gunzib: hũc̣o (Nakh.)

Comments: PGB *hũc̣V (cf. also Bezht. Khosh. huc̣a id.).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *jac̣

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: stem, trunk

Lezghian: jac̣ (Khl.)

Comment: Attested only in Lezg., but having probable external parallels.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *ulce

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: (metal) nail, carpenter's nail

Araban: ilze

Bizkaian: untze, (Angioza, Markina) ultze

Gipuzkoan: iltze

High Navarrese: (Esteribar) itze

Low Navarrese: itze

Salazarese: itze

Lapurdian: itze

Baztanese: itze

Zuberoan: ítze

Roncalese: itze

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