Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *c̣ɨ́ṗV

Meaning: berry, plant with berries, bramble

North Caucasian: *c̣_ɨbV

Basque: *śapa-r̄

Comments and references : Etymological comparison suggested by John Bengtson.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *c̣_ɨbV

Meaning: a k. of berry

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *c̣:VbV-lV

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣ɨp:

Notes: An Av.-Lezg. isogloss. Seems both phonetically and semantically plausible.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *c̣:VbV-lV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: grape

Avar: c̣:ibíl

Chadakolob: c̣ibíl

Comments: Av. paradigm B~C (gen. c̣:olbó-l).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣ɨp:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 blackberry 2 juniper

Lezghian: c̣p:az (Khl.) 1

Rutul: c̣ɨb 2

Tsakhur: c̣ib (Mishl.) 2

Comment: Obl. base *c̣ɨp:ɨ- (cf. Rut. c̣ɨbɨ-, Tsakh. c̣ɨbɨ-); suffixation in Lezg. is not quite clear. 3d class in Rut. and Tsakh.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *śapa-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bramble, thicket 2 brush, undergrowth 3 kermes oak 4 scrub of evergreen oak or holm oak 5 hedge, fence

Low Navarrese: sapar 1, saparr-ondo 1, (Amikuse) saphar 5

Salazarese: txaparro 4

Lapurdian: (Bardos) saphar 5

Roncalese: txapar 2, 3

Comments: A northeastern Bsq (Pyrenean) etymon. SAL and RNC forms with expressive palatal /č/. This word is the source of Spanish chaparro 'low bushy oak', chaparral 'oak thicket'.

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