Sino-Caucasian etymology : List with all references

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The PN form *naṭq̇u probably reflects an original plural form (*naṭq̇u < *na(w)q̇-ṭu < *nĕwq̇-dV). In PL and Darg. there occurred (for expressive reasons or due to a rare cluster *wq̇ ? ) a strengthening of the word: they reflect a variant *nĕwq̇_ŭ. The medial -r- in PD is obviously secondary, probably having penetrated there from an original plural form in *-r, being later substituted in PD by the *-bi-plural.

The old Ablaut *nĕwq̇ŭ / *nĭwq̇V̆- in this root has remained only in PGB (where the obl. base *mɨq̇a- < *nĭwq̇V̆-). Obl. bases like Arch. nibqi- or Tab. niwq:u- in this case are ambiguous (in Arch. - because of the neutralisation of vowels in the first accentless syllable, in Tab. - because of the merger of *ä and *i).

caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,

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Nakh etymology :

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Proto-Nakh: *naṭq̇u

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pus

Chechen: noṭq̇a

Ingush: nod

Batsbi: noṭq̇

Comments: In Bacb. noṭq̇ in Kadagidze's notation; Desheriyev writes naṭq̇ (which is the more expected variant). Obl. base *naṭq̇-ar-, cf. Chech. naṭq̇ara-, Ing. nadq̇aro (showing that the loss of -q̇ in the direct base is a recent phenomenon). Note that in Bacb. the plural naṭq̇-ajrĭ means "tears" (cf. the meaning in all other EC languages). 4th class in all languages.

nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *moq̇o

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tear

Avar: máʕu

Chadakolob: máʕu

Andian language: moGo

Akhvakh: maq̇a

Chamalal: mā

Tindi: mā

Karata: maʔa

Botlikh: maʁa

Bagvalal: maʕa

Godoberi: maʔa

Comments: Av. paradigm C (maʕí-l, máʕa-bi). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. maʔa-l, Tlan., Ratl. maq̇a-l, And. (Gudava) moq̇o, Cham. Gig. maj, Kar. Anch., Tok. maʕa.

aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-btl,aandet-bgv,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,

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Tsezian etymology :

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Proto-Tsezian: *mɔq̇u A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tear

Tsezi: mow

Ginukh: moq̇u

Khvarshi: muq̇u

Inkhokvari: moq̇u

Bezhta: maq̇o

Gunzib: mɔq̇u

Comments: PTsKh *moq̇u, PGB *mɔq̇u. An old Ablaut is reflected in the PGB obl. base *mɨq̇a- (Bezht. Tlad. miq̇a-, Gunz. mɨq̇a-).

cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,

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Lak etymology :

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Lak root: maq̇

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tear

Lak form: maq̇

Comments: Cf. Khosr. maq̇ id.

laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,

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Dargwa etymology :

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Proto-Dargwa: *nerʁʷ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tear

Akusha: nerʁ

Chiragh: nerʁ

Comments: Cf. also Ur. nirʁ, Kait. nerʁ / merʁ, Tsud. nerʁ, Kub. mēʁʷ. Labialisation is lost almost everywhere, because the word is mostly used in plural where ʁʷ > ʁ before the labial suffix *-bi (Chir. nerʁ-be, Kait. merʁ-bi, Kub. mūʁ-be etc.); however, it can be reconstructed on basis of the Kub. form and the Kait. variant (with regressive labialisation n- > m-).

darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,

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Lezghian etymology :

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Proto-Lezghian: *näwq:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 tear 2 to rejoice (*'to cry of joy')

Lezghian: naʁʷ 1

Tabasaran: niwʁ / niwq: 1

Agul: neʁʷ 1

Rutul: naʁʷ 1

Tsakhur: naʁ 1

Kryz: nöʁ xijiǯ 2

Budukh: nuʁa jixǝr 2

Archi: nabq 1

Udi: neʁ 1

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. erg. naq:ʷa-di, Khl. naʁʷ, naq:ʷa-di, Tab. Düb. niwq:i, Ag. Burk. neʁʷ, Fit. nibʁʷ, Bursh. naIw ( < naʕʷ), Tsakh. Gelm. ńaʁ. Obl. base *näwq:ɨ- (cf. Tab. niwq:u-, Tsakh. Gelm. ńaʁɨ-).

See Лексика 1971, 125; Гигинейшвили 1977, 86; Талибов 1980, 272.

lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *nuāk / *nuāŋ (s-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pus

Chinese: 膿 *nhūŋ pus.

Tibetan: rnag, snag matter, pus.

Kiranti: *nek

Comments: PG *naC^L pus; Kanauri stag pus. Simon 12; Sh. 134; Luce 63. Cf. PAN *nanaq 'pus' < ST? (Peiros 1998, 220).

stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,

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Chinese characters :

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Character: 膿

Modern (Beijing) reading: nóng

Preclassic Old Chinese: nhūŋ

Classic Old Chinese: nhūŋ

Western Han Chinese: nhǝ̄uŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: nhǝ̄uŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: nhǝ̄uŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: nhǝ̄uŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: nhōŋ

Middle Chinese: noŋ

English meaning : pus [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: гной; гнойный

Comments: For *nh- cf. Shaowu nuŋ⁷, Jianou noŋ⁶ (reflecting a variant *nhūŋ-s).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 130

Four-angle index: 5650

Karlgren code: 1005 h

Jianchuan Bai: nü7

Dali Bai: nu7

Bijiang Bai: nü7

bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,

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Chinese Dialects :

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Number: 2293

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 膿

MC description : 通合一平冬泥

ZIHUI: 5240 2633

Beijing: nuŋ 12

Jinan: nuŋ 12

Xi'an: noŋ 12

Taiyuan: nǝŋ 1

Hankou: noŋ 12

Chengdu: noŋ 12

Yangzhou: nɔuŋ 12

Suzhou: noŋ 12

Wenzhou: noŋ 12

Changsha: noŋ 12

Shuangfeng: naŋ 12; nǝn 12

Nanchang: luŋ 31

Meixian: nuŋ 12

Guangzhou: nuŋ 12

Xiamen: lɔŋ 12 (lit.); laŋ 12

Chaozhou: laŋ 12

Fuzhou: luŋ 12 (lit.); löyŋ 12

Shanghai: noŋ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: nuŋ 12

doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,

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Kiranti etymology :

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Proto-Kiranti: *nek

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: pus

Sunwar: nene

Kaling: 'ni sap

Limbu: nikwā

kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-sun,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,

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Yenisseian etymology :

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Proto-Yenisseian: *dɔkŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pus

Ket: dɔʔŋ

Yug: dɔʔŋ (Werner 1, 203)

Kottish: takŋ

Comments: ССЕ 223-224. Werner 1, 203 <*dɔgǝŋ>.

yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,

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Burushaski etymology :

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Common Burushaski: *nagéi / *magéi

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: boil, sore

Hunza: nagéi

Nagar: magéi

buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,

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Basque etymology :

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Proto-Basque: *nega- / *niga-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 tears, weeping 2 rennet 3 skin rash (scurf, herpes)

Bizkaian: negar 1, (Ubidea) negar 2

Gipuzkoan: negar 1

High Navarrese: negar 1, (Lezaka) negel 3

Low Navarrese: nigar, (Aldude) negal 3, (Garazi) negel 3

Salazarese: negar, near 1

Lapurdian: negar, nigar 1, (Ainhoa) negal 3, (Gethari) negel 3

Baztanese: nigar 1, negal 3

Aezkoan: nigar 1

Zuberoan: nĩ́gar 1, negel 3

Comments: Note the general tendency of western Bsq /e/ vs. eastern /i/ in words for 'tears'. There is an old ablaut alternation in PEC: *nĕwq̇ŭ / *nĭwq̇V̆-, which may have been redistributed regionally in Bsq.

basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-bzt,basqet-azk,basqet-zbr,basqet-comments,

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