Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ắxGĂr-

Meaning: to hold

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=ăG_Ăr

Sino-Tibetan: *g(h)ĕr

Yenisseian: *ʔaʔq (~x-)

Burushaski: *ɣar-k-

Basque: *e=gari ~ *e=gar̄i

Comments and references : NSC 53 *(a)GV, LDC 31.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ăG_Ăr

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to hold, take

Proto-Tsezian: *=eq- /=aq-

Proto-Dargwa: *=aʁ- / =irʁ-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔaq̇:är-

Proto-West Caucasian: *ʁǝ- (~ *G-)

Notes: Correspondences are regular.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=eq- /=aq-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to grab, take

Tsezi: =iq-

Khvarshi: aq- (Radzhibov)

Comments: PTsKh *=eq- / *=aq- (reflecting old Ablaut?).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=aʁ- / =irʁ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to find

Chiragh: =aʁ- / =irʁ-

Comments: Cf. also čas=aʁ- / čas=irʁ- 'to reach'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔaq̇:är-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to take, hold 2 to leave, put

Lezghian: q̇a- 1

Tabasaran: ʁad-a=ʁ- 1

Agul: aq:a- (Bursh.) 1

Rutul: h-a=q:a- 1

Tsakhur: a=q:a- 1

Kryz: i=qr- 1

Budukh: s-u=rqu 1

Archi: =aq̇:a-s 2

Udi: aq:-sun 1

Comment: -ʁ- in lit. Tab. is obviously secondary, due to assimilation with the preverb (cf. Düb. ā-q:-us 'to take out, extract', d-a=q:-us 'to take away, carry away'). Cf. also Tsakh. dur. (with reduplication) a-q:āq:a, Bud. dur. s-üqür-ǯi; Ag. Bursh. h-aq:a- 'to buy' ( = Rut. h-a=q:a-), uq:-aq:a- 'to take away', ʕaqI-aq:a- 'to choose', Tab. kad-a=ʁ- 'to choose', Düb. q:ā=q:- id.; Arch. gʷ-a=q̇:a- 'to gather' (cf. gʷej= 'all', lit. 'to put all').

    See Хайдаков 1973, 124.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ʁǝ- (~ *G-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hold 2 have

Adyghe: ʡǝ-ʁǝ- 1

Kabardian: ʡǝ-ʁǝ- 1

Ubykh: q̇a-ʁǝ- 2

Comments: PAK *ʡǝ-ʁǝ-; Ub. 1st p. a-s-q̇ā́-ʁ. The 1st part of the compound is probably PWC *q̇́Ia 'hand' q.v. (see Shagirov 2, 162). A derivate of this verb stem in Ub. is probably q̇āʁǝ́ 'many, much' (= "(all) which is had").

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *g(h)ĕr

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: carry

Tibetan: ãkhjer-ba carry away, take away.

Lushai: khirʔ carry on the back.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔaq (~x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to hold

Ket: ut-aq⁵ (Кастр.: *duosegaʁoat, praet. duosegoĺoʁat, imp. uosegabat)

Yug: ut-ax⁵ (Кастр.: duotebaq, -boq, praet. duoteberaq, -roq, imp. uotegd́aq, -d́oq)

Kottish: šiax "holding"; baʔākŋ, *bagākŋ "to hold", praet. balākŋ, imp. alax; f-āgō, f-ōk "to take"

Comments: ССЕ 183. Werner 2, 369.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ɣar-k-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: to catch, grasp

Yasin: -ɣár-k-

Hunza: ɣark-́, -ɣár-k-

Nagar: ɣark-́, -ɣár-k-

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *e=gari ~ *e=gar̄i

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 carry, support, endure 2 use, avail oneself of 3 confirm 4 walk

Bizkaian: (arc) {eguarria} 1 ?

Low Navarrese: egari 1, (arc) egarri 1

Salazarese: egari 1

Zuberoan: egari 1, 2, 3

Roncalese: egari 1, 2, 4

Comments: This is one of the rare verbs with a variation between /r/ and /r̄/. Michelena (1961: 232 "acaso") was uncertain of the pertinence of archaic BZK {eguarria}.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : take, bring

Eurasiatic : *gerV

Sino-Caucasian : *=Hīq_V(r) (cf. also *=á̆xGĂr)

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *gerV

Meaning: to hold

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *g'her[e]-, *g'hrē-

Uralic: *kärte

Indo-European etymology :

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1301

Proto: *kärte

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to hold, bear

German meaning: halten, ertragen, leiden, dulden

Finnish: kärsi- 'leiden, dulden' ( > Saam. K Kld. kīrše-)

Estonian: kärsi- 'ungeduldig sein, bewegt sein'

Saam (Lapp): gieŕdâ- -rd- (N) 'bear, endure; hold (intr.); stand, put up with', L kieŕta- 'dulden, leiden, aushalten, sich gefallen lassen', K (293) Not. kierde- 'leiden, dulden'

Mordovian: kiŕd́e- (E M) 'halten; halten, fest sein; leiden, ertragen; beherrschen'

Mari (Cheremis): kerδä- (KB), kerta- (U B) 'können, vermögen'

K. Redei's notes: Finn. t ist ein Ableitungssuffix. Im Tscher. dürfte ein Bedeutungswandel 'ertragen, dulden, leiden' -> 'imstande sein' -> 'können, vermögen' vor sich gegangen sein. Ostj. Ko. kȧ̆rǝt- 'steif werden' und wog. kart 'gestocktes Blut', die von Mark (Vir. 1928:188) hierzu gestellt wurden, sind syrj. Lehnwörter (Toivonen: FUF 32:32; Redei, SLW 111), ostj. (PD 855) Ko. kŏrt- 'ermüden, nicht imstande sein' kann aus lautlichen Gründen nicht hierher gehören.

References: Lindström: Suomi 1852:52; Ahlqvist, MMdGr. 157; MUSz. 796; VglWb. 186; Wiklund: MSFOu. 10:63, 183; Genetz: Suomi 1897/3/13:27, VähKirj. 23/2:27; T. I. Itkonen: MSFOu. 45:160; Mark: Vir. 1928:188; E. Itkonen: FUF 29:333, 31:171, 211, LpChr. 112; Posti: FUF 31:49; SKES.

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