Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʎălHV́

Meaning: arrow, harpoon

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʎĂl(H)V

Sino-Tibetan: *lă (m-)

Yenisseian: *jēĺ (~ʔ-, x-)

Basque: *e=ɫhor̄i

Comments and references : HGC 32. Length in PY is irregular and may reflect a merger with some other root; cf. also: PST *ƛĭjH `bow, arrow'; PEC *ɦwăɦɫV ( ~ -l-) `arrow'.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʎĂl(H)V

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: arrow

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʎirV, *ʎir-ʁV

Proto-Lezghian: *ʎäl(:)

Proto-West Caucasian: *ƛǝ

Notes: One of the cases of PEC front fricatives corresponding to WC affricates, which is probably explained by a fusion of the root with a prefix in PWC (*ƛǝ < *T-ʎǝ). Otherwise correspondences are regular, and the comparison seems reliable. Note also the exact parallelism of the compounds: PAT *xǝ-ćǝ = PA *ʎir-c̣inHu < PNC *ʎĂl(H)V + *c̣ǟnHV.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʎirV, *ʎir-ʁV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bow

Akhvakh: ʎeč̣o

Chamalal: ʎeʁil (Gig.)

Tindi: ʎeʁan / ʎeʁʷan

Karata: ʎeʁer

Comments: The Akhv. word is a compound *ʎirV-*c̣inHu 'bow+arrow': the most archaic shape of it is preserved in Akhv. Ratl. ʎar-č̣ijõ (č̣ijõ 'arrow'). Other languages reflect a derivate *ʎir-ʁV- with a not quite clear suffix (or component). Cf. also Kar. Tok. heʁir; Tind. ʎeʁanc̣u / ʎeʁʷanc̣ihu 'bow' which is used synonymously with ʎeʁan and is parallel to the Akhv. form.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʎäl(:)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: arrow

Lezghian: xel

Comment: Obl. base xile-; cf. also Khl. xel (xila-) id. Attested only in Lezg., but having probable external parallels.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ƛǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: arrow

Abkhaz: a-χǝ́

Abaza: χǝ

Adyghe: š́a

Kabardian: ša

Ubykh: š́a

Comments: PAT *xǝ (cf. also Bzyb. a-xǝ́); PAK *č́a. The correspondence PAT *x : PAK *č́ : Ub. š́ points to PWC *ƛ. In all modern languages the word developed also a secondary meaning 'bullet'.

    See also under *ć:ǝ about the PAT compound *xǝ-ć:ǝ.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lă (m-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: arrow

Chinese: 射 *liaks shoot with bow, *liak hit with bow and arrow.

Tibetan: mda arrow.

Burmese: hmrah (OB mla) arrow, LB *m[h]lax.

Kachin: pǝla³ arrow, (Mat.) mǝla³ id.

Kiranti: *[bh]là

Comments: PG *mjV; BG: Dimasa bă-la, Garo bra; Kham mwī^L; Hor lda; Rawang thǝma, Trung tǝ³-ma¹; Bahing bla; Vayu blo; Magari mya; Newari bala; Tangkhul mǝla. Sh.58, 407; Ben. 111; Luce 5.

Chinese characters :

Character: 射

Modern (Beijing) reading: shè

Preclassic Old Chinese: liaks

Classic Old Chinese: liah

Western Han Chinese: liah

Eastern Han Chinese: źäh

Early Postclassic Chinese: źà

Middle Postclassic Chinese: źà

Late Postclassic Chinese: źà

Middle Chinese: źà

English meaning : to shoot

Russian meaning[s]: стрелять; стрельба; стрелять из лука; [shè shí] 1) брызгать; выбрасывать; метать; 2) гоняться за..., охотиться за (выгодой); 3) древн. надоесть, наскучить; 4) указать аллегорически (иносказательно) (напр. игрой слов, литературным намеком)

Comments: Also read *liak, MC źek (FQ 食亦) id. Sometimes used as a loan for 斁 *Łiak 'be satiated', due to phonetic similarity.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 41

Four-angle index: 3144

Karlgren code: 0807 a-d

Go-on: ziya

Kan-on: siya

Japanese reading: sha;iru

Vietnamese reading: xạ

Jianchuan Bai: cõ2

Dali Bai: co2

Bijiang Bai: ṭo2

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 915

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 射

MC description : 假開三去禡船

ZIHUI: 1410 0174

Beijing: ṣô 3

Jinan: ṣǝ 3

Xi'an: ṣô 3

Taiyuan: sǝ 3

Hankou: sô 3

Chengdu: se 3

Yangzhou: śî 3

Suzhou: zöy 32 (lit.); zo 32

Wenzhou: zei 32

Changsha: ṣô 31

Shuangfeng: ɣio 32

Nanchang: sa 32

Meixian: sa 3

Guangzhou: šɛ 32

Xiamen: coʔ 42; sia 32 (lit.); sîk 42 (lit.)

Chaozhou: sia 32

Fuzhou: sie 32

Shanghai: zo 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: šie 3

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *[bh]là

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: arrow

Sunwar: li-bra

Tulung: pla, plal rainbow (?)

Kaling: lɔ-phu bow

Limbu: toŋ-lā arrow stick (toŋ arrow)

Yamphu: thuk-la 'arrow'

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: thukla

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: arrow.

Nepali: bāḍ, tīr

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *jēĺ (~ʔ-, x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fish spear

Ket: ɛ:ĺ⁴ (Bak.), pl. ɛĺn⁵; South. ɛĺ⁴, pl. ɛĺiń⁵

Yug: ɛ:^hĺ⁴, pl. ɛĺǝŋ⁵, ɛĺiŋɨn⁵

Comments: ССЕ 232. Werner 1, 230 <*eʔǝl / *egǝl / *eʔǝlǝ>.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *e=ɫhor̄i

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 thorn 2 spine (of chestnut) 3 hawthorn 4 hawthorn-place (place name)

Bizkaian: elorri 3

Gipuzkoan: elorri 3

High Navarrese: elorri 3

Low Navarrese: elhorri 3

Salazarese: illurri-tze 3

Lapurdian: elhorri 3

Baztanese: Elgorri-aga 4

Zuberoan: elhórri 1, 2

Roncalese: illurri 3

Comments: For NC ‘arrow' ~ Bsq 'thorn’ cf. Czech šíp ‘arrow’, šipek ‘dog-rose, hawthorn’, Rus. šip ‘thorn, prickle’; Telugu mulu, mullu ‘thorn, prick(le)’, etc.; muliki ‘arrow, arrowhead’, etc.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : LVLV

Meaning : arrow, harpoon

Afroasiatic : *silaḥ- ?

Sino-Caucasian : *ʎă[l](H)V́

Austric : PAA *pla 'blade', *Cǝla 'thorn', SM *sella 'spear', PAN *sulah 'skewer, pointed stick'

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *silaḥ-

Meaning: sharp weapon

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *šilāḥ- 'weapon' 1, 'javelin' 2

Western Chadic: *sil- 'axe'

East Chadic: *sal- 'knife'

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *sil- 'knife'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1473

Proto-Semitic: *šilāḥ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'weapon' 1, 'javelin' 2

Ugaritic: šlḥ 2

Hebrew: šelaḥ 2

Aramaic: šilḥa 1

Arabic: silāḥ- 1

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *sil-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'axe'

Pa'a: šìla [MS]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *sal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'knife'

Sokoro: sàlú [Sx]

Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

Proto-Agaw: *sil-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'knife'

Khamir: sil

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *lah

Meaning: sharp stick

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *la

Austroasiatic meaning: knife, blade

Proto-Austronesian: *sulah

Austronesian meaning: skewer, pointed stick

Proto-Thai: phla:.A sharpened

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *la

Meaning: knife, blade

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Presyllable: pǝ-

Thai: phla:.A sharpened

Proto-Katuic: *la

Proto-Bahnaric: *la

Khmer: phle:

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *la

Meaning: sharp edge (of a blade)

Presyllable: pǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *la

Proto-East Katuic: *la

References: P-360; TK8.32

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *la

Meaning: sharp edge (of a blade)

Presyllable: pǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: pla

Bru Van Keu meaning: cutting edge

So: pla:

So meaning: (TL)

Bru: pla:.N

Bru meaning: (of a knife) sharp

Sou: pla:

Kui: pla:.N

Kui meaning: the cutting edge

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *la

Meaning: sharp edge (of a blade)

Presyllable: pǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: pla:

Pakoh meaning: saw blade

Ngeq: pla

Ngeq meaning: blade of axe

Kri: pla:

Chatong: pla:

Dakkan dialects (1): pla:

Dakkan dialects (2): pla: pǝnɛń

Dakkan meaning: arrow

Katu dialects (1): pǝla

Katu meaning: spear head

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *la

Meaning: knife, blade

Presyllable: pǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-North Bahnaric: *la.T, pǝ-

Proto-South Bahnaric: *la, pǝ-

Proto-West Bahnaric: *la, pǝ-

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *la, pǝ-

Harak: pla:

References: JS-15, TB8.30

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *la.T, pǝ-

Meaning: blade

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jeh form: pla.T

Jeh meaning: arrow

Sedang form: pla.T

Sedang meaning: blade

Hre form: pla.T

Hre meaning: blade

References: PNB-541

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *la, pǝ-

Meaning: knife, blade

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Stieng form: pla:

Stieng meaning: blade of knife

References: SBS-14

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *la, pǝ-

Meaning: blade

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: pla:

Jaru meaning: blade

Lavi: pla:

Juk: pla:

Nhaheung form: pla:

Nhaheung meaning: edge of knife blade

Brao form: pla: dɔ:

Brao meaning: sharp bamboo point of snare trap (MT)

References: JS-15

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *la, pǝ-

Meaning: sharp edge of a blade

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: pla:

Kaseng: pla:

Yaeh: pla:

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *la, pǝ-

Meaning: sharp edge of a blade

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: pla:

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: phle:

Meaning: cutting edge, blade

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

References: JP327

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