Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *GHǝ́̆lGī (~ -ē)

Meaning: dirt, dung

North Caucasian: *GHɨ̆lG_i (~ -e)

Sino-Tibetan: *qjāk / *qjāŋ

Yenisseian: *qoʔq (~χ)

Comments and references : Somewhat different in HGC 30, LV B24. Cf. PAA (NMK) *ʔiɛk / *ʔiɛŋ 'excrement'.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *GHɨ̆lG_i (~ -e)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dirt, dung, faeces

Proto-Nakh: *ʁarʁV (~ -ā-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q̇:a(n)q̇:ara (~ o)

Proto-Lak: q̇aIrq̇i

Proto-Dargwa: *q:ulq:i

Proto-Lezghian: *q:I[ɨ]lq:I-

Notes: An expressive reduplicated root; but the correspondences are regular, and it may be safely reconstructed for PEC.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʁarʁV (~ -ā-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: crumbs of bread

Ingush: ʁarʁa

Comments: Attested only in Ing., but having probable external parallels.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *q̇:a(n)q̇:ara (~ o)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: snot, snivel

Andian language: GenGe

Chamalal: q̇:aq̇:ara

Tindi: q̇:aq̇:ara

Comments: And. GenGe 'snot' ( < *q̇Vnq̇V) is a result of contamination of this root with PA *q̇aq̇a q.v.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: q̇aIrq̇i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dirt

Lak form: q̇aIrq̇i

Comments: Cf. Khosr. q̇Iarq̇Ii id.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *q:ulq:i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: faeces

Akusha: q:iIlq:i (Kait)

Comments: Cf. also Kub. q:ulq:e id. Pharyngealisation in Kait. is secondary (before a new front vowel).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *q:I[ɨ]lq:I-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sheep's dung

Tabasaran: ʁirʁil

Agul: R̀ülR̀-an

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. q:ilq:il id.; with irregular metathesis and an expressive suffix probably also Ag. Burk. q:üšq:el ( < *q:uIlq:-aš) "horse's dung". An expressive reduplicated root, but having probable external parallels.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *qjāk / *qjāŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dirt, faeces

Tibetan: rkjag dirt, excrement.

Burmese: kjaŋ, kjak excrement.

Kachin: ǝgaŋ² dirt, filth.

Lushai: ē (ēk) to defecate; excrement, KC *ēk.

Kiranti: *ʔè-s

Comments: Haka, Rangkhol, Sho ek, Lakher i dung, excrement; Pwo, Sgaw e feces, Taungthu ʔe dung. Ben. 146; Mat. 164.

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *ʔè-s

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: defecate

Tulung: es-

Kaling: enä (eŋɔ)

Limbu: emā (ettu) have stool, hi-emā (-esu) defecate

Dumi: ēnɨ

Kulung: ema

Yamphu: eʔma

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: hiʔe:maʔ, hi-e:s-/hi-e:-

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vt.

Meaning: shit, defaecate

Comments: cf. hiʔe:tmaʔ.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: e:nɨ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: vi-2 e:-i:y/i:

Meaning: shit, defaecate

Nepali: hagnu

Comments: vide i:npa:nɨ.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: ema

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vi-3 [1: es- 2: e-]

Meaning: shit

Nepali: hagnu.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: eʔma V

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <ed- ; et->

Grammar: v.tr.

Meaning: to shit

Comments: cf. eʔyaŋ.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *qoʔq (~χ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: flotsam

Ket: qɔʔq

Yug: χɔʔχ (Werner 2, 123)

Comments: ССЕ 261. Werner 2, 123.

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